Physicists From Greece

"While [Thales] was studying the stars and looking upwards, he fell into a pit, and a neat, witty Thracian servant girl jeered at him, they say, because he was so eager to know the things in the sky that he could not see what was there before him at his very feet."

"Thales the teacher produced the first geometers, even as Thales the thinker founded the first geometry worthy of the name."

"It was not Zeno, the founder of the Stoics, alone, who taught that the Universe evolves, and its primary substance is transformed from the state of fire into that of air, then into that of water, etc. Heraclitus of Ephesus maintained that the one principle that underlies all phenomena in Nature is fire. The intelligence that moves the Universe is fire, and fire is intelligence. And while Anaximenes said the same of air, and Thales of Miletus (600 years b.c.) of water, the Esoteric Doctrine reconciles all these philosophers, by showing that though each was right, the system of none was complete."

"[W]ith Thales... Aristotle ascribes the statement: "Water is the material cause of all things." This... expresses, as Nietzsche... pointed out, three fundamental ideas of philosophy. First, ...the material cause of all things; second, ...that this ...be answered in conformity with reason, without ...myths or mysticism; third, ...that ...it must be possible to reduce everything to one principle."

"Thales asserted Water to be the principle of things. For he saw that matter was principally dispensed in moisture, and moisture in water; and it seemed proper to make that the principle of things, in which the virtues and powers of beings, and especially the elements of their generations and restorations, were chiefly found. He saw that the breeding of animals is in moisture ; that the seeds and kernels of plants (as long as they are productive and fresh), are likewise soft and tender; that metals also melt and become fluid, and are as it were concrete juices of the earth, or rather a kind of mineral waters; that the earth itself is fertilised and revived by showers or irrigation, and that earth and mud seem nothing else than the lees and sediment of water; that air most plainly is but the exhalation and expansion of water; nay, that even fire itself cannot be lighted, nor kept in and fed, except with moisture and by means of moisture. He saw, too, that the fatness which belongs to moisture, and which is the support and life of flame and fire, seems a kind of ripeness and concoction of the water."

"Hope is the only good that is common to all men; those who have nothing else possess hope still."

"Water is the first principle of everything."

"Placing your stick at the end of the shadow of the pyramid, you made by the sun's rays two triangles, and so proved that the pyramid [height] was to the stick [height] as the shadow of the pyramid to the shadow of the stick."

"Thales had a motto — sophotaton chronos aneuriskei gar panta — which means time is wisest because it discovers everything. We still live by that motto — we mark the time and aid the discoveries by keeping the soul lines intact."

"Thales' statement was the first expression of... a fundamental substance, of which all other things were transient forms. The word "substance"... was... not interpreted in the purely material sense ...Aristotle ascribes to Thales also ...All things are full of gods. ...[We can] imagine ...Thales took his view ...from meteorological considerations. ...[W]ater can take the most various shapes... ice and snow... vapor, and... clouds. It seems to turn into earth where the rivers form their delta, and it can spring from the earth. Water is the condition for life. Therefore... [as] a fundamental substance, it was natural to think of water first."

"If there were no cold, there would be no heat; for a thing can only grow warm if... it is already cold."

"[S]ome... fragments are far from clear, and there are probably not a few of which the meaning will never be recovered. ...[T]he doxographers... are far less instructive with... Herakleitos... [T]he two accounts of... Herakleitos... in Diogenes, which goes back to the Vetusta Placita... is... pretty full and accurate. All our other sources are... tainted."

"[T]he same thing applies to the opposition of wet and dry (fr. 39)."

"Most... commentators on Herakleitos... in Diogenes were Stoics, and... their paraphrases were sometimes taken for the original. ...Stoics ...sought to interpret him ...in accordance with their ...system. ...[T]hey were fond of "accommodating"... views... to their own..."

"#* Plutarch, de Iside 48, p. 370. Context, see frag. 43."

"Theophrastos... said... the headstrong temperament of Herakleitos sometimes led him into incompleteness and inconsistencies of statement. ...[A] very different thing from studied obscurity and the disciplina arcana sometimes attributed to him; if Herakleitos does not go out of his way to make his meaning clear, neither does he hide it (fr. 11)."

"All other utterances of the kind are to be explained in the same way."

"These... are... the two primary oppositions of Anaximander, and Herakleitos is showing that the war... is really peace, for it is the common element in them (fr. 62) which appears as strife, and that... strife is justice, and not, as Anaximander had taught, an injustice... they commit one against the other, and which must be expiated by a reabsorption of both in their common ground."

"#* Hippolytus, Ref. haer. ix. 9 (Fragment 53). Context: "And that the father of all created things is created and uncreated, the made and the maker, we hear him (Heraclitus) saying, 'War is the father and king of all,' etc.""

"#* Proclus in Tim. 54 A (comp. 24 B)."

"#* Compare Chrysippus from Philodem. P. eusebeias, vii. p. 81, Gomperz."

"#* Lucianus, Quomodo hist. conscrib. 2; Idem, Icaromen 8."

"# See also: πόλεμος πάντων μὲν πατήρ ἐστι, πάντων δὲ βασιλεύς"

"# Martin Heidegger, Parmenides (1942–1943)"

"Τίς γὰρ αὐτῶν νόος ἢ φρήν; [δήμων] ἀοιδοῖσι ἕπονται καὶ διδασκάλῳ χρέωνται ὁμίλῳ, οὐκ εἰδότες ὅτι πολλοὶ κακοὶ ὀλίγοι δὲ ἀγαθοί. αἱρεῦνται γὰρ ἓν ἀντία πάντων οἱ ἄριστοι, κλέος ἀέναον θνητῶν, οἱ δὲ πολλοὶ κεκόρηνται ὅκωσπερ κτήνεα."

"# The best people renounce all for one goal, the eternal fame of mortals; but most people stuff themselves like cattle."

"# War is the father and king of all, and has produced some as gods and some as men, and has made some slaves and some free. (G. T. W. Patrick, 1889)"

"Any explanation... of night will... be an explanation of day, and vice versa; for it will be an account of that which is common... manifests itself now as one and now as the other. ...[B]ecause it has manifested... in the one form... it must next appear in the other... [as] required by the law of compensation or Justice."

"# War is the father and king of all: some he has made gods, and some men; some slaves and some free."

"Πόλεμος πάντων μὲν πατήρ ἐστι πάντων δὲ βασιλεύς, καὶ τοὺς μὲν θεοὺς ἔδειξε τοὺς δὲ ἀνθρώπους, τοὺς μὲν δούλους ἐποίησε τοὺς δὲ ἐλευθέρους."

"We do not know the title of the work of Herakleitos... We are told that it was divided into three discourses: one dealing with the universe, one political, and one theological. It is not likely that this division is due to Herakleitos... The style... is... obscure, and... later... got him the nickname... "the Dark.""

"This is only a particular application of the universal principle that the primary fire is one even in its division. It itself is, even in its unity, both surfeit and want, war and peace (fr. 36)."

"χρὴ γὰρ εὖ μάλα πολλῶν ἴστορας φιλοσόφους ἄνδρας εἶναι"

"#* As quoted in The Art and Thought of Heraclitus (1979) translated by Charles H. Kahn"

"[F]ragments about the Delphic god and the Sibyl (frs. 11 and 12) seem to show... an oracular style... [I]t was the manner of the time. The stirring events of the age, and... religious revival, gave... a prophetic tone to all the leaders of thought. Pindar and Aischylos have it too. They all feel... inspired. It is also the age of... individualities... apt to be solitary and disdainful. Herakleitos... [writes] If men cared to dig for the gold they might find it (fr. 8); if not, they must be content with straw (fr. 51)."

"# Lifetime is a child at play, moving pieces in a game. Kingship belongs to the child."

"#* A free translation, as quoted in Fragments (2001) translated by Brooks Haxton"

"[P]erhaps... he belonged to the ancient royal house and resigned the nominal position of in favour of his brother."

"Herakleitos looks down not only on the mass of men, but on all previous inquirers into nature."

"[T]he "satiety" which makes fire pass into other forms, which makes it seek "rest in change" (frs. 82, 83), and "hide itself" (fr. 10) in the "hidden attunement" of opposition, is only one side of the process. The other is the "want" which leads it to consume the bright vapour as fuel. The upward path is nothing without the downward (fr. 69). If either were to cease, the other would cease... and the world would disappear; for it takes both to make... stable reality."

"The strife itself is the common ground (fr. 62), and is eternal."

"# Time is a game played beautifully by children."

"#* As quoted in The Beginning of All Wisdom: Timeless Advice from the Ancient Greeks (2003) by Steven Stavropoulos, p. 95"

"The argument was that men... act just in the same way as Nature, and it is therefore surprising that they do not recognise the laws by which she works."

"# A lifetime is a child playing, playing checkers; the kingdom belongs to a child."

"#* A very free translation, as quoted in Contemporary Literature in Translation (1976), p. 21"

"I cannot approve of Heraclitus, who, being self-taught and arrogant, said, "I have explored myself." Nor can I praise him for hiding his poem in the temple of Artemis, in order that it might be published afterwards as a mystery; and those who take an interest in such things say that Euripides the tragic poet came there and read it, and, gradually learning it by heart, carefully handed down to posterity this darkness of Heraclitus."

"The painter produces his harmonious effects by the contrast of colours, the musician by that of high and low notes. "If one were to make all things alike, there would be no delight in them." There are many similar examples in the Hippokratean tract, some... come from Herakleitos; but it is not easy to separate them..."

"# History is a child building a sand-castle by the sea, and that child is the whole majesty of man’s power in the world."

"#* Using English idioms to parallel the original's wordplay."