"The eighth century saw the planting of scientific culture in Spain, brought about through the founding of an Arab Caliphate at Cordova; whence sprung those famous universities of Cordova, Seville, and Toledo. It was at Seville, and in all probability during the second half of the eighth century, that the physician Geber carried on his great work. In his writings... are described for the first time the preparation of sulphuric acid by the distillation of alum, and of nitric acid by the action of this sulphuric acid on saltpetre. By the addition of nitric acid to salmiac he obtained the so called aqua regia. Geber, moreover, prepared potash and soda by the incineration of tartar and sea plants respectively, and by their action on his acids was led to the discovery of many new salts."
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