"The impact of the pandemic H1N1 virus was not limited to 1918–1919. The 1918 influenza A virus (Fig. 1) was a new “founder virus” that initiated the current era of circulating influenza A viruses by evolving into progeny pandemic viruses through genetic reassortment. All influenza A pandemics and seasonal epidemics since that time, and almost all cases of human influenza A worldwide, have been caused by descendants of the 1918 influenza virus (Fig. 2). These include not only the antigenically “drifted” descendants of the 1918 H1N1 virus itself but also the genetically reassorted pandemic viruses that appeared in 1957 (H2N2), 1968 (H3N2), and 2009 (H1N1pdm). The exceptions include human infections caused by animal-derived (zoonotic) influenza A viruses, e.g., those from poultry-adapted influenza A viruses such as H5N1 and H7N9. Interestingly, the H1 HA of the 2009 pandemic virus (H1N1pdm) is genetically and antigenically related to the 1918 pandemic virus through its evolution in pigs. This provides not only a fascinating but also a disturbing example of a direct connection between the 1918 founder virus and the currently circulating H1N1pdm influenza virus strain."
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