"In classical Arabic and in the other classical languages of Islam there are no pairs of terms corresponding to lay an…"

"Medieval Islam was technologically advanced and open to innovation. It achieved far higher literacy rates than in con…"

"A university teaches. What does it teach? It must obviously teach all the languages in which the great literatures wh…"

"Present-day Egyptians speak Arabic, think of themselves as Arabs, and identify wholeheartedly with the Arab Empire th…"

"Around the year 700 al-Malik ordered that public servants across the Umayyad world should use one language only: Arab…"

"Arabic became a lingua franca every bit as potent as Latin and Greek. As a result it was as useful to scholars as it …"

"Further, in the Devanagari script, there exists a possible common script for other Indian languages, though one canno…"

"Who would be able to deny the high art, the [great] worth and the sublime power of the Arabic and Hebrew languages?"

"After the calamities which the state of literature sustained in consequence of the incursions of the northern nations…"

"They continued to extend their conquests, and their frequent incursions into Europe before and after the ninth centur…"