Herbert Marcuse

"Now precisely because Galilean science is, in the formation of its concepts, the technic of a specific Lebenswelt, it does not and cannot transcend this Lebenswelt. It remains essentially within the basic experiential framework and within the universe of ends set by this reality."

"It is the most advanced industrial society which feels most directly threatened by the rebellion, because it is here that the social necessity of repression and alienation, of servitude and heteronomy is most transparently unnecessary, and unproductive in terms of human progress. Therefore the cruelty and violence mobilized in the struggle against the threat, therefore the monotonous regularity with which the people are made familiar with, and accustomed to inhuman attitudes and behavior-to wholesale killing as patriotic act."

"Repression invades the academic enterprise itself, even prior to all restrictions on academic freedom. The pre-empting of the mind vitiates impartiality and objectivity: unless the student learns to think in the opposite direction, he will be inclined to place the facts into the predominant framework of values. Scholarship, i.e., the acquisition and communication of knowledge, prohibits the purification and isolation of facts from the context of the whole truth. An essential part of the latter is recognition of the frightening extent to which history is made and recorded by and for the victors, that is, the extent to which history was the development of oppression. And this oppression is in the facts themselves which it establishes; thus they themselves carry a negative value as part and aspect of their facticity. To treat the great crusades against humanity (like that against the Albigensians) with the same impartiality as the desperate struggles for humanity means neutralizing their opposite historical function, reconciling the executioners with their victims, distorting the record. Such spurious neutrality serves to reproduce acceptance of the dominion of the victors in the consciousness of man."

"No, you cannot expect people to understand the higher reaches of philosophy. Culture should be taken out of the hands of the dollar chasers. We need a national subsidy for literature. It is disgraceful that artists are treated like peddlers and that art works have to be sold like soap."

"Liberating tolerance, then, would mean intolerance against movements from the Right, and toleration of movements from the Left."

"Can the human appropriation of nature ever achieve the elimination of violence, cruelty, and brutality in the daily sacrifice of animal life for the physical reproduction of the human race? To treat nature "for its own sake" sounds good, but it is certainly not for the sake of the animal to be eaten, nor probably for the sake of the plant. The end of this war, the perfect peace in the animal world — this idea belongs to the Orphic myth, not to any conceivable historical reality. In the face of the suffering inflicted by man on man, it seems terribly "premature" to campaign for universal vegetarianism or synthetic foodstuffs; as the world is, priority must be on human solidarity among human beings. And yet, no free society is imaginable which does not, under its "regulative idea of reason," make the concerted effort to reduce consistently the suffering which man imposes on the animal world."

"Critical theory was sometimes teased for its aristocratic components, its disinclination to praise popular culture, jazz or Americanism, its sometimes overwhelming sense of cultural pessimism, and all these sentiments echo the larger and older traditions of aristocratic radicalism, for which the old world, in general, was better than the brashness and shock of the new. The European critique of modernity was born as a critique of the mass, mass society, mass production, mass migration, the mass man, the image of life based on the factory, on its regimentation and yesmen, the conformism of following orders. This was also Marcuse’s anxiety into the 1960s – that the lucid or erotic components of being had been submerged into dull regimes of compliance, consumption, and getting on. Perhaps this was the moment when sociology began to shifts its focus from the realm of production to that of consumption. Gramsci had already anticipated the cultural turn in marxian thirty years earlier. Marcuse was not the only high-profile critical theorist, though the fact that he remained in the USA after Horkheimer and Adorno returned to Germany placed him strategically to be more significantly influential into the 1960s. More, he wrote in jeremiad form, unlike the laconic and dense Adorno, anticipating, in this sense, the later popularity of Zygmunt Bauman, another critical Cassandra figure. The second generation of critical theory became associated especially with the work and figure of Jürgen Habermas, who turned back to the inspiration of Kantian universalism. Where Marcuse saw systemic closure and frustration, Habermas saw possibilities for change, reform, and democratization. His early work drew together Marxian and Weberian themes and filaments, again seeking a critical theory with a practical or emancipatory intention in the manner of Marx."

"I think that the influence of philosophy is a question of formulating, asking the kinds of questions that would otherwise be foreclosed. I suppose I can say that I learned a great deal from Herbert Marcuse about the relation between philosophy and ideology critique, political critique. His work, for example, Counterrevolution and Revolt, engages directly with the material conditions of the period, the late 1960s. But, at the same time, the framework is philosophical. The kinds of questions that are posed are those questions that otherwise would not be capable of formulation, and I think that is what I try to do. Because really it's not so much about the answers you discover, it's about the reach of the questions."

"His most accessible works-Reason and Revolution, One-Dimensional Man, and Eros and Civilization-synthesized the essence of the great nineteenth-century German thinkers-Hegel, Marx, and Freud. Every time I'd heard him speak at UCLA, Marcuse drew huge crowds and commanded rapt attention, speaking in a heavy German accent, somber and professorial...The San Diego authorities and the newly elected California governor, Ronald Reagan, did everything within legal limits to get Marcuse fired, and their terrorist kindred threatened his life and property. Marcuse never budged nor responded; he was a gift we may or may not have deserved."

"Werte, die aus der objektiven Realität herausgelöst sind, werden subjektiv."

"Komfort, Geschäft und berufliche Sicherheit können in einer Gesellschaft, die sich auf und gegen nukleare Zerstörung vorbereitet, als allgemeines Beispiel versklavender Zufriedenheit dienen."

"Der Tauschwert zählt, nicht der Wahrheitswert. In ihm faßt sich die Rationalität des Status quo zusammen, und alle andersartige Rationalität wird ihr unterworfen."

"Die Menschen entdecken sich in ihren Waren wieder, sie finden ihre Seele in ihrem Auto, ihrem Hi-Fi Empfänger"

""Von Anbeginn an war die Freiheit des Unternehmens keineswegs ein Segen. Als die Freiheit zu arbeiten oder zu verhungern bedeutete sie für die überwiegende Mehrheit der Bevölkerung Plackerei, Unsicherheit und Angst. Wäre das Individuum nicht mehr gezwungen, sich auf dem Markt als freies ökonomisches Subjekt zu bewähren, so wäre das Verschwinden dieser Art von Freiheit eine der größten Errungenschaften der Zivilisation."

"Die freie Wahl der Herren schafft die Herren oder die Sklaven nicht ab."

""Permanenter ästhetischer Umsturz"

"Diese Gesellschaft ist insofern obszön, als sie einen erstickenden Überfluss an Waren produziert und schamlos zur Schau stellt, während sie draußen ihre Opfer der Lebenschancen beraubt; obszön, weil sie sich und ihre Mülleimer vollstopft, während sie die kärglichen Lebensmittel in den Gebieten ihrer Aggression vergiftet und niederbrennt; obszön in den Worten und dem Lächeln der Politiker und Unterhalter; in ihren Gebeten, ihrer Ignoranz und in der Weisheit ihrer gehüteten Intellektuellen. [...] Nicht das Bild einer nackten Frau, die ihre Schamhaare entblößt, ist obszön, sondern das eines Generals in vollem Wichs, der seine in einem Aggressionskrieg verdienten Orden zur Schau stellt;"

"Freiheit ist Befreiung."

"Die Beziehungen der Menschen untereinander werden zunehmend vom maschinellen Arbeitsprozeß vermittelt."