"In 1783... Cavendish published his first paper on heat, embodying some of the results he obtained in 1764 in reference to the freezing or solidifying point of liquids. [T]he papers on heat... are three... 1783, 1786, and 1788. All of them refer to ; the first to that of quicksilver, the second and third to... mineral acids and... alcohol [respectively]. ...They are all... commentaries upon observations made in North America by officers of the Hudson Bay Company on the effect of great natural cold, assisted by powerful freezing mixtures in congealing mercury, , oil of vitriol, and spirits of wine. These observations were made under Cavendish's directions, and at his cost..."