"Quantum mechanics, created early this century in response to certain experimental facts which were inexplicable according to previously held ideas (...'classical physics'), caused three great revolutions. In the first place it opened up a completely new set range of phenomena to which the methods of physics could be applied. ...The second revolution was the apparent breakdown of determinism, which had always been an unquestioned ingredient and an inescapable prediction of classical physics. ...The outcome of any particular experiment is not, even in principle, predictable, but is chosen at random from a set of possibilities; all that can be predicted is the probability of particular results when the experiment is repeated many times. ...even if we had complete knowledge of the initial state... The third revolution ...challenged the basic belief, implicit in all science and indeed in almost the whole of human thinking, that there exists an objective reality ...that does not depend for its existence on its being observed."

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Added on April 10, 2026
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Original Language: English