"The Deepwater Horizon constituted an ecosystem-level injury in the northern . Much oil spread at 1100–1300 m depth, contaminating and affecting deepwater habitats. Factors such as oil-biodegradation, s and response measures (dispersants, burning) reduced coastal oiling. Still, > 2100 of shoreline and many coastal habitats were affected. Research demonstrates that oiling caused a wide range of biological effects, although worst-case impact scenarios did not materialize. s in individual organisms were more informative about oiling stress than population and community indices. es and seabird populations were hard hit, but were also quite resilient to oiling effects. Monitoring demonstrated little contamination of seafood."