"In the ancient land of vintage and dance and sun-burnt mirth, there resounded during the Middle Ages a sweet chorus o…"

"The poetry of the troubadours was essentially social in character. Unlike Goethe's minstrel, who sang as the bird amo…"

"In the eleventh century the nobility, which had previously been terribly rough and barbarous, began to grow more refi…"

"Illiterate and yet cultivated, these lords and ladies demanded of their poets a strict adherence to generally recogni…"

"Just as the ideas settled into a system, so the free forms of popular poetry also hardened into categories, so that l…"

"A jongleur was one who, either as author or performer, made poetry and music a profession. The name troubadour, on th…"

"There was the vers, a simple, early form, which developed into the canso. This was an elaborate poem, of from five to…"

"The brilliant and worldly society, before whom the Provençal lyric was sung, lived under the domination of the ideals…"

"Every poet uttered the same exaggerated laments and praises. He would contrast his past joy with his present grief, a…"

"No field has offered better opportunities to our modern poets than the biographies of these wandering singers.They ar…"