Women Academics From The United States

"Between 1130 and 1180 a period of severe drought struck the Colorado Plateaus; this is the same time during which the appears to have disintegrated. Using the year 1150 as the beginning of the recognizes the potentially widespread importance of a real event in history; the end of building and probably, for 100 years, of occupation in . This is no small event given Chaco's role as a major center of activity, population, and exchange."

", the capital of the dynasty since founded it, remains to be discovered."

"Porada, born in Vienna, fled Europe in 1938, after . One of the few things she brought with her to New York was the plate copy of her dissertation, complete with her drawings of seal impressions from European collections, which she presented to , ’s first director. In ancient , s — often carved with exquisitely detailed scenes — were used to roll the owner’s unique stamp onto a document produced by scribes, attesting to its authenticity."

"The medieval (c. 1347-1351) was one of the most devastating s in human history. It killed tens of millions of Europeans, and recent analyses have shown that the disease targeted elderly adults and individuals who had been previously exposed to physiological stressors. Following the epidemic, there were improvements in standards of living, particularly in dietary quality for all socioeconomic strata."

"The downfall of the was brought about by the , a barbarous people who swept down from the northeastern mountains and subjugated the country in the twenty-second century As a result of the invasion, suffered a general disintegration. There were, however, a few centers of culture in which the standards set by the ns continued in force. One of these centers was . Here, under the later part of the Guti domination, reigned a priest-prince named whose statues show a technically proficient adherence to Akkad tradition."

"Major sculptures which first attracted the attention of the world's art lovers to the ancient Near East derive from the time of of , known to have been an elder contemporary of ..."

"In 1833 discussed at length the etiological relation of mosquitoes to malaria. Michel in 1847 described the ovoid bodies and the pigment, as did also Prof. J. Jones a few years years later. In 1848 Dr. J. E. Nott published his opinions that the mosquitoes transmit this disease. , a French physician, in 1880 finally and conclusively proved the cause of malaria to be the parasite."

"... the experience of is well worth relating. While engaged in constructing an electric-light apparatus, he noticed that one of the lamps gave out a constant musical note. One evening he discovered everything near the box below this light was covered with mosquitoes, all males, notwithstanding the fact that the females preponderated in numbers in the vicinity. He found that when the lamps were set in action all male mosquitoes at once faced in the direction of the lamp which gave forth the musical note, and flew straight at it. The buzz of the lamp was practically identical in tone with that of the female mosquito."

"Remember that there were no in the 1920's, and every had to depend on a few recognized authorities for estimates of needs of children. In 1923, called attention ... to the protein needs for optimal growth in rats which he estimated to be about 15 per cent of the calories. He contrasted that with which provides only 7 per cent of the calories in the form of protein, to provide for the growth of the infant. He also emphasized what and had demonstrated earlier that animal proteins were more efficient for growth than plant proteins."

"Speaking of their preferring to sit on dark wood, records that appears to be attracted to black clothing rather than to gray or light brown. We have noticed this also with other species. Pearse says that mosquitoes much prefer dark blue and violet to yellow and red."

"It seems that, in the river districts of Alaska, when the ice breaks up and melts in the spring, the hunting of game over the soggy ground and through the melting snow is impossible, while the ice-cakes in the flooded rivers effectually prohibit any fishing. At about this time, the stock of food laid in for the winter by the Indians has run low, and matters would sometimes be rather serious for the tribes did not the mosquitoes fly to the rescue. At this season these insects appear in countless hordes, clouds upon close, all ravenous for their first spring meal. Falling upon the deer and even the bears, they so torment the poor animals that they rush to the rivers to rid themselves of the blood-thirsty energy; thus falling an easy prey to the watching Indians. At times the eyes of the bears, which are by far the easiest points of attack for the mosquitoes, are so swollen that bruin can no longer see, and thus starves or is captured by some hungry hunter, four-footed or otherwise."

"(quote from p. 521)"

"A previous publication reported the occurrence of in the eyes of all rats fed on rations containing as the chief source of . Negative results with other carbohydrates tested led to an investigation of as the next logical step. This sugar was fed to young rats at 35% and 25% levels corresponding to the galactose available from the 70% and 50% lactose rations fed in previous experiments. Four rats on the 35% galactose ration developed mature bilateral cataract in 12, 14, 14, and 37 days respectively (average 19 days), whereas those on the 25% galactose ration were somewhat more delayed. The average time for the development of mature bilateral cataract in 49 rats fed the 70% lactose ration was 10 weeks, approximately 4 times as long. Controls fed on the 70% starch ration showed no eye changes."

"... Even minor during the growing period may prevent full potential growth from being attained. ... Growth potential is not a thing that can be speeded up and lowed down and still obtain the same end results. According to ..., if one does not use the full potential alI the way along, one does not achieve full development. The same ultimate weight may be reached but not the ideal shape and composition. If the rate of growth is sufficiently slowed down, the adult is not only smalI but under-developed with normal or nearly normal head size, moderately retarded trunk and relatively short legs."

"... except in some of the s where the opportunities for research are limited and the salaries notably low, women are not considered eligible for chairs in the sciences ... Until women are more generally given an equal chance with men in academic recognition and remuneration, it is futile to attempt to determine, in terms of s or even of scientific reputation or eminence, how much "they are able to do for the advancement of science.""

"The changes which have taken place during the in the activities and position of women are the object of an interest which is widespread. These changes have been so striking that the period during which they occurred is frequently called the "woman's century." Nor is the movement a completed one; there is every reason to believe that equally marked changes will take place in the . The time has passed when women were on the whole content to drift with the current of life and accept without question or demur the lot which tradition, custom, and public opinion might dictate. The little band of leaders who did pioneer work in the last century in claiming and making new opportunities for women did brave service: in no respect did they do better service than in showing the value of ideals as a positive social force. The record of their lives will always be a source of courage to increasing numbers of women who will be eager to take an active part in controlling and directing the stream of women's activities."

"Miss Talbot divides her book into three parts. Part I describes the changes in women's activities—industrial, educational, civic, philanthropic, domestic, and social—during the last hundred years. Part II compares the educational machinery of about fifty years ago with that of today, citing as exampels the past and the present curricula of the Boston and Chicago public schools, of , and of the , in order to show how far education has adapted itself to these changes. Part III deals with the present collegiate education of women, pointing out its characteristics, limitations, and possible modifications in the light of modern social, economic, and psychological knowledge."

"In a bowlder of which the glacier carried two or three miles, possibly, and deposited not far from the site of , the writer recently found an excellently preserved skeleton of a small dinosaur the length of whose body is about 18. The bowlder was split along the plane in which the fossil lies and part of the bones are in one half and part in the other. These bones are hollow and the whole framework is very light and delicate."

"Women are in many respects superior to men, since generally speaking, they have more patience and often more taste and discrimination in arranging collections and more deftness in manipulating materials. How true this is!"

"Talbot worked on the paleontology of both vertebrates and . Her contributions to invertebrate paleontology included a revision of the s of New York State and the investigation of Stafford limestone, also in New York State. Her discovery of the approximately eighteen-centimeter dinosaur , in the Triassic sandstone near , established her reputation in vertebrate paleontology. She postulated that this small dinosaur was a bipedal carnivore."

"I investigate how forest processes affect water flow dynamics and pathways in soil and streams, and conversely, how water flow paths affect ecological function in mountainous areas. This bridging of hydrology and ecosystem science is key to developing sustainable management of water resources."

"Over my career, I have collaborated with dozens of excellent scientists from a variety of disciplines to conduct research projects that have achieved far more than any of us could have on our own."

"All of my research involves a combination of field experimentation, field observations and laboratory analysis, and is fundamentally interdisciplinary and collaborative."

"If having access to instruments impacts other students as it did me, kids would have more opportunities to engage with a broader group of people and to gain greater understanding of the world."

"Reach out to teachers and school counselors who can connect you to science and engineering camps."

"I spent my formative years on the Choctaw Indian reservation in Philadelphia, Mississpi, and in Missoula, Montana, where I loved playing outdoors, watching farm animals, and observing everything around me. I believe living in these settings motivated me to explore and respect nature."

"The ultimate goal of my research is to improve our knowledge of how changes in climate and land-use will affect forest ecosystems and water resources."

"When people become famous, they are often objectified, discussed, and ridiculed with little consideration for who they are as people. Fans and critics feel as though they have the right to comment on everything celebrities do with little regard to the costs that those in the crosshairs of attention will bear. The cost that celebrities pay for the supposed benefits of being rich and famous is ongoing scrutiny and a lack of privacy. Most people do not understand or appreciate the pressure that results from fame, even though public meltdowns—such as the night that Britney Spears shaved her head in front of numerous photographers—are highly publicized. The public’s obsession with obtaining information about the famous puts serious pressure on those people’s lives, as the paparazzi’s role in Princess Diana’s death so brutally reminds us.20 Few people have sympathy for the kinds of stress that gossip places on public figures who have high status and wealth. At a distance, famous people seem invulnerable"

"A great deal of the fear and anxiety that surrounds young people’s use of social media stems from misunderstanding or dashed hopes.14 More often than not, what emerges out of people’s confusion takes the form of utopian and dystopian rhetoric."

"For the teens that I interviewed, privacy isn’t necessarily something that they have; rather it is something they are actively and continuously trying to achieve in spite of structural or social barriers that make it difficult to do so. Achieving privacy requires more than simply having the levers to control information, access, or visibility. Instead, achieving privacy requires the ability to control the social situation by navigating complex contextual cues, technical affordances, and social dynamics. Achieving privacy is an ongoing process because social situations are never static."

"More often than not, what people put up online using social media is widely accessible because most systems are designed such that sharing with broader or more public audiences is the default. Many popular systems require users to take active steps to limit the visibility of any particular piece of shared content. This is quite different from physical spaces, where people must make a concerted effort to make content visible to sizable audiences.8 In networked publics, interactions are often public by default, private through effort"

"A central challenge in addressing the sexual victimization of children is that the public is not comfortable facing the harrowing reality that strangers are unlikely perpetrators. Most acts of sexual violence against children occur in their own homes by people that those children trust.27"

"When adults jump to fear and isolationism as their solution to managing risk, they often undermine their credibility and erode teens’ trust in the information that adults offer."

"In a world where information is easily available, strong personal networks and access to helpful people often matter more than access to the information itself."

"Privacy is not a static construct. It is not an inherent property of any particular information or setting. It is a process by which people seek to have control over a social situation by managing impressions, information flows, and context."

"the introduction of social media does alter the landscape. It enables youth to create a cool space without physically transporting themselves anywhere. And because of a variety of social and cultural factors, social media has become an important public space where teens can gather and socialize broadly with peers in an informal way. Teens are looking for a place of their own to make sense of the world beyond their bedrooms"

"The newly developing “law of AI” has come to focus on risk regulation, and in many ways risk regulation seems like a good fit for regulating the development and growing uses of AI systems. AI harms tend to be systemic, occur at scale, raise causality challenges for potential litigators, and may not yet be vested (that is, they may constitute risks of future harm rather than current harm)—all challenges for traditional liability regimes."

"Framing the government interest, or interests, this way has several advantages. First, it descriptively maps on to existing laws: These laws either help individuals manage their desired level of disclosure by requiring notice, or prevent individuals from resorting to undesirable behavioral shifts by banning surveillance. Second, the framework helps us assess the strength and legitimacy of the legislative interest in these laws. Third, it allows courts to understand how First Amendment interests are in fact internalized in privacy laws. And fourth, it provides guidance to legislators for the enactment of new laws governing a range of new surveillance technologies — from automated license plate readers (ALPRs) to robots to drones."

"But as I argue in this paper, risk regulation also comes with what I call “policy baggage”: known problems that have emerged in other fields. Choosing to use risk regulation itself entails making a significant normative choice: to develop and use AI systems in the first place rather than adopt more precautionary approaches to AI. Risk regulation thus embodies what Jessica Eaglin has called a “techno-correctionist” tendency prevalent in scholarship on AI systems: the tendency to try to make technology “better” rather than to question the politics and appropriateness of its usage and to explore more systematically whether, given its harms, it should be used at all."

"My scholarly and technical work is about creating the conditions to make the world a better place — a place for human flourishing and for a flourishing planet, My art is about beauty and form — in effect, creating the peace that I hope we will all experience when we arrive there."

"I feel a great sense of satisfaction, Others are taking these ideas, theoretical constructs, methods, and practices — applying and extending them in their own ways and own contexts. And that’s when you know you’ve contributed to shifts in the world."

"This Article identifies the government interest in enacting laws governing surveillance by private parties. Using social psychologist Irwin Altman’s framework of “boundary management” as a jumping-off point, I conceptualize privacy harm as interference in an individual’s ability to dynamically manage disclosure and social boundaries. Stemming from this understanding of privacy, the government has two related interests in enacting laws prohibiting surveillance: an interest in providing notice so that an individual can adjust her behavior; and an interest in prohibiting surveillance to prevent undesirable behavioral shifts."

"Regulators should broaden their regulatory toolkit and move away from, or at least add to, the current narrow focus on AI impact assessments. If regulators want to truly address the harms caused by AI systems, they are going to have to do better than light-touch risk regulation."

"The military wasn’t equipped to deal with people’s demand for information about their beloved pups."

"I sometimes think that, in the desperate straits of humanity today, we would be grateful to have nonhuman friends, even if they are only the friends we build ourselves." —Isaac Asimov, Robot Visions"

"We’re fast and furious with these technologies that are at a scale and power that’s beyond our current moral capacities, I think right now we have a really great mismatch between the power of our tools and our wisdom to use them well."

"Human values don’t exist in isolation, It’s not like there’s privacy over here, and trust over there, and security there."

"It may seem preposterous today to hold a robot morally accountable for its actions, but there are already glimpses of this in how we talk about robot-caused harm—in ways that risk assigning them more agency than appropriate."

"At the time, if you did any search on values and computing or anything related to that, you would come up with nothing. It just was not on people’s radars"

"Maybe there are things in 20 or 50 years that you’re going to want to know about the present, so you need to collect them now, The people who start the work are not going to be the people who finish the work."