"Women’s ability to participate and excel in athletics— and to enjoy the enormous resulting benefits—has dramatically increased in the last fifty years. In 1971, before Roe was decided and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (“Title IX”) was enacted, see 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681-1688, Pub. L. 92-318, Title IX (June 23, 1972), less than 500,000 girls participated in high school athletics, and well under 50,000 women participated in intercollegiate athletics. By 2018, however, nearly 3.5 million women participated in high school athletics, and over 200,000 participated in intercollegiate athletics. By 2018, women comprised 44% of NCAA student-athletes. Women’s increased participation in sports creates network effects at all levels of athletic competition. More women competing means more women pushing each other forward and raising the bar for athletic achievement. That, in turn, creates a wider pool of elite women athletes to represent our colleges and our country in sporting events. In the 1972 Olympics in Munich—before Roe was decided and Title IX took effect—“American women won 23 medals compared with 71 for the U.S. men. The women didn’t win a single medal in gymnastics and had no golds in track and field.” By the London Olympics in 2012, women athletes “outpaced their male counterparts” for the first time, winning 58 medals compared with 45 for men. The 2021 Tokyo Olympic Games were the third consecutive Summer Olympics in which U.S. women won more medals than U.S. men, and in which women outnumbered men on the U.S. team. Simply put, American women excel at the highest levels of athletic competition because of constitutional and legislative protections ensuring women’s rights to equal opportunity and access to organized sports."