"Even more than it Italy, competitive rugby at the elite level in Japan is organized by corporations such as Kobe Steel which field their own teams. Leading foreign players such as John Kirwin have also been engaged to play in these teams. Company teams, however, draw their base of players from the universities and high schools. It is the latter arena that Richard Light explores in some detail. As was the case in France and Italy, rugby in Japan fused with local masculine cultural practices such as seishin. Seishin is an opaque term that comes from the samurai and refers to 'the inner being, spiritual fortitude and self-discipline developed through particular physical training', stressing unity of mind, body and soul and differs dramatically from Cartesian dualism. As with the Fascist regime in Italy in the 1920s and the 1930s, in Japan seishin was promoted by the military to enable the Japanese to counter the greater American material power in the years before the Pacific war. Western occupation forces forces identified seishin as being too closely linked with Japanese militarism and worked to eradicate it from the school curriculum. Asa result, seishin re-emerged in university and school sporting clubs that operated outside the formal curriculum,with rugby clubs practicing the more severe form. Thus, although rugby in Japan operates similarly to the rugby of Victorian England, it also displays distinctive Japanese concepts of manliness brought forward from the feudal samurai classes. Honour and gentlemanly behaviour go even further in Japan where fighting on the field is seen as a sign of personal weakness both in physical and emotional terms. In addition, individualism must not encroach on an arena centred on group spirit and sacrifice, commitment and aggression that serve the greater good of the whole."