"I disbelieve in both cycles of history and ends of history. History is the interaction of many complex systems. There are certain long-run processes (notably exponential gains in productivity through the development of technology and the “suprasecular” decline of nominal and real interest rates as a result of capital accumulation) punctuated by, well, one disaster after another. These disasters are either randomly distributed or follow a power law (i.e. there are lots of little earthquakes, pandemics or wars, but a few cataclysmic ones). At unpredictable intervals, the global system is tipped into a major transition by a disturbance that can be quite small, if not quite as small as Edward Lorenz’s famous butterfly in the Amazon setting off a tornado in Texas. Russia’s war in Ukraine — destructive certainly, but still a relatively small conflict by 20th-century standards — can be enough to trigger a “conflict avalanche.”"
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University of Oxford facultyHistorians from ScotlandUniversity of Oxford alumniHarvard University facultyPeople from Glasgow
Original Language: English
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"America, China, Russia and the Avalanche of History", Bloomberg (May 20, 2022).
https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Niall_Ferguson
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Niall Ferguson
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