"In the 1930s economics appeared to be a little different at the University of Chicago than elsewhere, but the same statement could be made about most major universities. Frank Knight was skeptical of the moral and intellectual content of political behavior and particularly hostile to central economic planning, but he was also severely critical of the ethical basis of a competitive economy. No doctrinaire defender of private enterprise would find him a source of strength. Henry Simons had preached a form of laissez-faire in his famous 1934 pamphlet A Positive Program for Laissez Faire, but what a form! He proposed nationalization of basic industries … [and] urged an extremely egalitarian policy in the taxation of income and detailed regulation of business practices … Much of his program was almost as harmonious with socialism as with private-enterprise capitalism.… Jacob Viner, the other major figure, had nineteenth-century liberal tastes, but rebelled against simplified or “extreme” positions. The rest of the faculty were highly varied in their policy preferences: Paul Douglas favored a large economic role for the state; Simeon Leland was a traditionalist in taxation; Henry Millis was an old-fashioned labor economist; Lloyd Mints wrote only on central bank policy; Henry Schultz stuck to his mathematical and statistical knitting; and Oskar Lange was a socialist."