"Similarly, Ashraf—who sees Islam as a religion of ‘equality and fraternity’ and that it opened doors to low-caste Hin…"

"They were known by the generic term Turks and they insisted on monopolizing all key posts and important positions, an…"

"It is material to remark that the Great Mogol is a Mahometan, of the sect of the Sounnys, who, believing with the Tur…"

"In theory all Muslims are equal; in practice some have always been more equal than the others. Foreign Muslims tried …"

"Turks of pure lineage and Tajiks of noble birth could not tolerate … the tribes of Hind to rule over them."

"In the medieval period, heredity and lineage were taken into account in the selection of officers and nobles, and as …"

"The population of Indian Muslims grew rapidly through enslavement. This rapid growth gave rise to new problems. One w…"

"Muslim ‘community’ in India had remained sharply divided into two mutually exclusive segments throughout the centurie…"

"Muhammad Tughlaq always preferred foreign Muslims to Indians for appointment as officers. The rebellion of Ain-ul-mul…"

"It is true that Balban also made detailed enquiries about the families of all his officers. He refused to grant audie…"