"The second bodily privacy category relates to violation of a person's bodily integrity. Bodily integrity is violated by the application of any degree of force to the body – the merest touching will suffice. There are two broad situations in which bodily integrity is typically infringed. The first, and most common, is where force is applied to the body of a person in order to elicit some type of sensation, normally pleasure or pain. The most typical examples are where force is applied to cause pain, or as part of the thrust and parry of everyday life (for example, being bustled in a crowded train) or as a romantic gesture. The law of privacy has no application in this context. These contacts are governed by criminal law and torts law. The broad principle is that all non-consensual touching is unlawful, apart from the contacts that we implicitly consent to as part of everyday life. Properly viewed, contacts of this nature do not engage the right to privacy. This is because the other rights that are at issue are universally regarded as more important than the right to privacy. The right to bodily integrity, apart from the right to life which in some manifestations overlaps with the right to bodily integrity, is perhaps the most important right in the context of any normative ethic. The protection that it can shore up will not be further advanced by re-phrasing the interests in terms of privacy. Violations of bodily integrity can result in the perpetrator incurring both criminal liability, for offences such as assault and battery, and also civil liability to pay damages to the victim. The main tortious actions are battery, assault, action on the case for damages for physical injury and action on the case for nervous shock and negligence."