"The reduction is initiated by addition of a solvated electron to the aromatic system to generate a radical anion, which is then protonated by an alcohol cosolvent to furnish a pentadienyl radical. … The function of the alcohol in the metal -NH3 reduction is to provide a proton source… Furthermore, the presence of alcohol represses the formation of the amide ion NH2-, … is capable of isomerizing the 1,4-cyclohexadiene product…"
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George S. Zweifel and Michael H. Nantz, Modern Organic Synthesis (2006), Ch. 5 : Functional Group Transformations: The Chemistry of Carbon-Carbon π-Bonds and Related Reactions
https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Birch_reduction
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