Chemical Elements

"Iron yields to certain degrees of beatings or repeated pressure; its impenetrable molecules, purified by man and made homogeneous, disintegrate; and, without being in fusion, the metal no longer has the same virtue of resistance. Marshals, locksmiths, tool makers, all the workers who constantly work this metal then express the state of it by a word of their technology: "The iron is retty!" they say, appropriating this expression exclusively devoted to hemp, the disorganization of which is obtained by retting. Well, the human soul, or if you will the threefold energy of body, heart, and spirit, is in an iron-like situation, as a result of certain repeated shocks. It is thus with men like hemp and iron — they are retty."

"According to Sir Isaac Newton's Calculations, the last Comet that made its Appearance in 1680, imbib'd so much Heat by its Approaches to the Sun, that it would have been two thousand times hotter than red hot Iron, had it been a Globe of that Metal; and that supposing it as big as the Earth, and at the same Distance from the Sun, it would be fifty thousand Years in cooling, before it recovered its natural Temper. In the like manner, if an Englishman considers the great Ferment into which our Political World is thrown at present, and how intensely it is heated in all its Parts, he cannot suppose that it will cool again in less than three hundred Years. In such a Tract of Time it is possible that the Heats of the present Age may be extinguished, and our several Classes of great Men represented under their proper Characters. Some eminent Historian may then probably arise that will not write recentibus odiis [fresh hate] (as Tacitus expresses it) with the Passions and Prejudices of a contemporary Author, but make an impartial Distribution of Fame among the Great Men of the present Age."

"Whoever hammers a lump of iron, first decides what he is going to make of it, a scythe, a sword, or an axe. Even so we ought to make up our minds what kind of virtue we want to forge or we labour in vain."

"Gilbert also discovered the screening effect of a sheet of iron; the method of magnetizing iron by hammering it while it lies North and South; the destruction of magnetism by heat; and the existence around the magnet of an "orbe of virtue," [i.e.,] a magnetic field. He perfected the dipping-needle of Norman, and other instruments of observation. He collected data as to the declination and inclination of the compass in different regions. Using loadstones of many different shapes he observed their actions on one another and on compass-needles. In particular he studied the magnetic properties of a globular loadstone or and found that compass-needles were directed toward its poles, and dipped at various angles over its surface, just as compass-needles do at various regions of the earth's surface. ...His book, over which he spent eighteen years, was published in 1600, and for the next hundred years became the standard work on magnetism. Though denounced by the Church, the theory of terrestrial magnetism was by Gilbert thus firmly established on an enduring basis of fact, and remained a permanent acquisition in science. The publication of the book marked an epoch in scientific development. It was praised by Sarpi, by Galileo, by Kepler. Sir Christopher Wren proposed to erect a statue to its author, while Dryden sang of his enduring fame."

"By the publication in 1600 of the ' of Dr. William Gilbert the science of electricity was founded. ...Trying the properties of s in innumerable experiments lasting over many years, he was led to several notable discoveries, and to one generalization of immense importance. He discovered the augmentation of the power of a by arming or capping it with soft iron cheeks. Gilbert called such a cap an armatura..."

"Amongst the many other ingenious contrivances frequently alluded to in his book, Gilbert mentions the versorium, an iron needle moving freely upon a point, with which he was enabled to measure excited electricity. He is besides the inventor of "two most ingenious and necessarie Instruments for Sea men to find out thereby the latitude of any place upon sea or land, in the darkest night, that is without the helpe of Sunne, Moone or Starre." These instruments are described in Thomas Blunderville's quarto work entitled "The Theoriques of the seven Planets, shewing their diverse motions... printed at London 1602.""

"This work of Dr Gilbert's relates chiefly to the , and what we call magnets; that is, pieces of steel which have acquired properties similar to those of the loadstone. But he extends the term magnetism and the epithet magnetic, to all bodies which are affected by loadstones and magnets, in a manner similar to that in which they affect each other. In the course of his investigations, indeed, he finds that these bodies are only such as contain iron in some state or other; and in proving this limitation he mentions a great variety of phenomena which have a considerable resemblance to those which he allows to be magnetical, namely, those which he called electrical, because they were produced in the same way that is made to attract and repel light bodies. He marks, with care, the distinctions between these and the characteristic phenomena of magnets. He seems to have known, that all bodies may be made electrical, while ferruginous substances alone can be made magnetical."

"In 1751 there was a forge for the conversion of pig-iron into bar-iron at the mouth of the East Valley creek, a... tributary of the ... advertised for sale as the property of Daniel Walker, Stephen Evans, and Joseph Williams. It was then called Mount Joy forge... some years afterward... it came to be known as Valley Forge. The pig-iron used at Valley Forge was hauled from Warwick furnace. In September, 1777, the forge was burned by the British, and in December... the army under Washington was intrenched on the... side of Valley Creek, opposite Valley Forge. General Washington's headquarters were established at the substantial stone-house of Isaac Potts... After the Revolution another Valley Forge was built on the... [other] side of Valley creek; it was in ruins in 1816."

"Samuel Nutt died in 1737. In his will he made provision for the erection of a new furnace by his wife... commenced in 1737 and probably finished in 1738. This... was called Warwick. In 1740 its management fell into the hands of , who had married into the Nutt family, and was a friend of Benjamin Franklin. In 1742 Franklin invented his celebrated stove, the model of which he presented to his friend Grace, who afterwards cast many stoves at the furnace. Warwick furnace continued in operation... to 1867, when its last blast came to an end... During the Revolution it was very active casting cannon for the Continental army"

"In 1728 James Logan wrote that "there are four furnaces in blast in the colony." Colebrook and Durnham were certainly two... The iron industry of Pennsylvania may fairly be said to have been established on a firm foundation at this period. In 1728-29 the colony exported two hundred and seventy-four tons of pig-iron to the mother country."

"The big one I missed out on was 'Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.' MGM wanted me for it, and Warner Bros. wouldn't give me permission to do it."

"Significance of [research] work is that it is the first attempt to print conductive patterns with the Sn-containing conductive ink... the synthesis of Sn nanoparticles for interconnection materials have been reported… Two factors, cost and low temperature, are the advantages of the Sn-containing conductive ink... By adding the tin nanoparticles to an ink solution, the researchers printed patterns of highly conductive ink from an inkjet printer. As the first demonstration of inkjet printing with tin nanoparticles, the results show that the new technique looks promising for printing various electronic devices that require conductive patterns."

"In the tin-vat, commonly used for calico-printing, the indigo is reduced by a solution of stannous oxide in caustic potash or soda. The bath is usually mixed with an acid solution of tin, so as to neutralize the alkali and precipitate the indigo-white; the precipitate is then used for printing."

"There are only two ores of tin: the peroxide, tin-stone, or Cassiterite; and tin pyrites, sulphide of tin, or Stannine: the former of which alone has been found in sufficient abundance for metallurgical purposes."

"The stanniferous small veins, or thin flat masses, though of small extent, are sometimes very numerous, interposed between certain rocks, parallel to their beds, and are commonly called tin-floors."

"The final tin-dip is useful to remove the marks of the brush, and to make the surface uniformly bright."

"I'm not ready to say whether it's good or bad, but when a man owns the tin, he has a vested interest in it and there is more pride in what he's doing than when he turns it over to a second party."

"He gives the, possibly false, impression, that he has a ‘tin ear’, as his countrymen put it, for many of the popular art-forms he discusses."

"First clean that; iron and brass well and then tin them before placing them together for soldering...The articles can be tinned by rubbing while hot with resin; then rubbing them over with solder."

"This change does not proceed with disintegrating effects until considerably lower temperatures, when the ‘Tin-Pest’, experienced in organ-pipes, during cold winters on the Continent, occurs."

"I have known a blacksmith, a first-rate workman, unaware of the fact that what are called “tin saucepans" are made of tinned plate iron; and there are abundance of tinmen or tin-plate workers who are entirely ignorant of the process by which tin plates are prepared."

"...kinds of Tin Ore being extremely variable, and not properly refinable in such small quantities, and the manner of agreeing for or buying the Tin Ore of all sorts being to give Tin bills or promissory notes to the owners thereof, engaging to deliver them at the next coinage so many hundreds of refined Tin for every twenty hundred weight of the ore or Black Tin."

"My first phone was two tin cans tied together with string, and it worked pretty good."

"Another version: The urban legend that tin plague caused the disintegration of tin buttons on the trousers of Napoleon’s Grande Armée as it retreated from Moscow in 1812, supposedly causing a collapse of morale (if not of the trousers)."

"Some unverifiable sources also say that during Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812, the temperatures became so cold that the tin buttons on the soldiers' uniforms disintegrated over time, contributing to the defeat of the Grande Armée."

"This conversion is known as tin disease or tin pest. Tin pest was a particular problem in northern Europe in the 18th century as organ pipes made of tin alloy would sometimes be affected during long cold winters."

"A vessel is made of tin, or more usually of tinned iron. Spec is a vessel in which meat, fish, fruit, etc., is hermetically sealed for preservation Locally, a small cylindrical drinking vessel or mug with a handle is made of tin."

"Block tin is tin of second quality cast into blocks; Solid tin is distinct from tin plate; a receptacle made from this. Grain tin is a very pure tin obtained by fusing stream tin in a blast furnace supplied with charcoal, and breaking it into small pieces. Phosphor tin is an artificial compound of tin and phosphorus. Stream tin is tin ore washed from the sand or gravel in which it occurs."

"Tin is one of the well-known metals, nearly approaching silver in whiteness and lustre, highly malleable and taking a high polish; used in the manufacture of articles of Tin, in the formation of alloys, as bronze, pewter, etc., and, on account of its resistance to oxidation, for making tin-plate and lining culinary and other iron vessels."

"The simplest fix for better grilling is to line the inside of your barbecue with tin foil. It dramatically affects how evenly the heat is distributed. That crusty black hibachi or Weber grill is doing your food no favors."

"When our brother Fire was having his dog's day Jumping the London streets with millions of tin cans Clanking at his tail, we heard some shadow say 'Give the dog a bone' - and so we gave him ours; Night after night we watched his slaver and crunch away The beams of human life, the tops of topless towers."

"They reached for the leather cases to which their shields were pinned. Simultaneously, they pinned the tin to their collars and then walked toward the desk behind which another patrolman was seated."

"It is inconceivable — and consequently very English! — to have a capital as Simla is entirely of tin roofs, and then the tin roofs monkeying better materials and reducing the whole show to absurdity."

"Periodic table There's antimony, arsenic, aluminium, selenium, And hydrogen and oxygen and, nitrogen and rhenium, And nickel, neodymium, neptunium, germanium, And iron, americium, ruthenium, uranium, Europium, zirconium, lutetium, vanadium, And lanthanum and osmium and astatine and radium, And gold and protactinium and indium and gallium, And iodine and thorium and thulium and thallium. There's yttrium, ytterbium, actinium, rubidium, And boron, gadolinium, niobium, iridium, And strontium and silicon and silver and samarium, And bismuth, bromine, lithium, beryllium and barium. There's holmium and helium and hafnium and erbium, And phosphorus and francium and fluorine and terbium, And manganese and mercury, molybdenum, magnesium, Dysprosium and scandium and cerium and cesium, And lead, praseodymium and platinum, plutonium, Palladium, promethium, potassium, polonium, And tantalum, technetium, titanium, tellurium, And cadmium and calcium and chromium and curium. There's sulfur, californium and fermium, berkelium, And also mendelevium, einsteinium, nobelium, And argon, krypton, neon, radon, xenon, zinc and rhodium, And chlorine, cobalt, carbon, copper, tungsten, tin and sodium. These are the only ones of which the news has come to Harvard, And there may be many others, but theyhaven't been discovered."

"There rise her timeless capitals of empires daily born, whose plinths are laid at midnight and whose streets are packed at morn; and here come tired youths and maids that feign to love or sin in tones like rusty razor blades to tunes like smitten tin."

"The Little Tin Gods harried their little tin souls. Seeing he came not from Chetham, jingled no spurs at his heels Knowing that, nevertheless, was he first on the Government rolls For the billet of Railway Inspector to little Tin Gods on Wheels."

"If the white tin is brought in contact with gray tin at ordinary temperatures (below + 20° C), it turns very slowly into gray tin, falling to powder, probably because of the increase in volume (this phenomenon is called the "tin-disease")."

"Many colonists decorated their homes with objects made out of punched tin. Sometimes they had punched-tin lanterns or candle holders. They also hung punched-tin pictures on their wall."

"There seems to be a paucity of very ancient objects made entirely of tin — a lack which is sometimes laid at the door of the disintegration of tin through "[[w:Tin pest|tin pest". This is hardly an adequate reason as "tin pest" is difficult enough to initiate."

"Many persons still extant, must remember the villainous old coinage of George III.; the tin-like sixpences which added a word to the slang dictionary, and the button-like shillings, of which the image and superscription might have been Caesar's."

"As the temperature falls, white tin tends to change to grey at an increased rate, a maximum velocity being reached at —50° C. The white metal first tarnishes, then becomes covered with a number of grey warts, finally crumbling to a powdery mass. Fortunately, at the ordinary winter temperatures in Britain the rate at which this change occurs is very small."

"In cold countries, such as Russia,... it sometimes happens that a roof or other object of tin will suddenly begin to decay in a peculiar fashion....Organ pipes in Central Europe are frequently of tin, and the same disintegration has been observed in their case. It is also that Tin is in unstable condition whenever the temperature is below 18° C."

"These people are also very ingenious in making tin ware, brooms, cider-brandy, wooden bowls, and tallow candles."

"It is metal well known in ancient times. It is the general opinion that the Phoenicians of Tyre and Sidon obtained their supplies of tin from the British Isles. In Ezek (27:12_ it is said to have been brought from Tarshish, which was probably a commercial emporium supplied with commodities from other places. In Isa (1:25) the word so rendered is generally understood of lead, the alloy with which the silver had become mixed. The fire of the Babylonish Captivity would be the means of purging out the idolatrous alloy that had corrupted the people."

"A malleable, silvery metallic element that occurs in igneous rocks. It has a crystalline structure and crackles when bent. Tin is used as an anticorrosion agent and is a part of numerous alloys, including bronze."

"It is a metallic element, occurring in cassiterite, that has several allotropes; the ordinary malleable silvery-white metal slowly changes below 13.2°C to a grey powder. It is used extensively in alloys, especially bronze and pewter, and as a noncorroding coating for steel."

"It is a low melting, malleable, ductile metallic element nearly approaching silver in color and luster: used in plating and in making alloys, tinfoil, and soft solders."

"We economists are going to be the little tin gods of this generation, as the scientists were of the last, and the doctors before that, and the clergymen before them"

"And a 'tin-back' is a party Who 's remarkable for luck, And his food is called his 'tucker, ' Or his ' panum ' or his 'chuck'."

"I wol yow telle, as was me taught also, The foure spirites and the bodies sevene, By ordre, as ofte I herde my lord hem nevene. The firste spirit quiksilver called is, The seconde orpyment, the thridde, ywis, Sal armonyak, and the firthe brimstoon. The bodys sevene eek, lo! hem heer anoon: Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe, Mars iren, Mercurie quyksilver we clepe, Saturnus leed, and Jupiter is tyn, And Venus coper, by my fader kyn!"