Women Authors

"You will go into the night accompanied by the moon to read them to children that you meet along each street."

"Cancel the sixth grade of basic education, and evaluates the decisions to cancel and return the sixth grade of primary school. These two chapters represent the field aspect of the study in order to evaluate decisions related to the educational process in Egypt."

"The love most frequently praised by winter is young love —bold and courageous."

"The recent probe on the fuel subsidy has raised significant concerns about Nigeria’s effectiveness to curb leakages and prevent extra-budgetary spending. In addition to this is the delayed passage of the Petroleum Industry Bill, which is holding back substantial investments in the sector and risks further undermining production levels."

"The key stumbling blocks have been related to the bankability of individual projects, and there are a number of factors feeding into this. The first one is cost recovery: the power sector is one example where many investment projects exist but the returns are affected by electricity tariffs that are well below market levels"

"I do not think that the deficient lending to small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) has anything to do with the willingness of banks to lend."

"Despite the level of achievement already attained, debate over the constitutionality of generating funds for the sovereign wealth fund undermine investor confidence in the country’s political commitment towards building a buffer for a potential collapse in the price of oil."

"There is little guarantee that interests rates would result in a significant boost in bank lending. The reasons for the current lack of lending are more structural. To get to the point where interest rate cuts would affect lending would be hugely destabilising to the country’s macroeconomic health. So, for the time being, there is no clear-cut argument for monetary easing."

"There is... room for convergence. China’s productivity level is... only a fraction of the US... China’s share of labor force with a college degree is... smaller than... in South Africa and Brazil, and way below rich countries."

"Reforming the system... would allow the flow of talent across regions... improve... allocation of labor... [and] reduce regional disparities."

"China’s investment in ... 40 percent... of GDP... for a country... halfway through... urbanization... may not be high...."

"China's suffering from a severe deficit in demand because of low wage growth, scarring effects of the pandemic and... the real estate. But... because of China's size today, growing at 3% to 4% even, is not a bad thing. If India grows 4 percentage points faster than China from now until 2030, China's still going to contribute $130 trillion dollars of additional GDP more than India... to the world."

"93 percent of Chinese... value security over freedom, as compared to... 28 percent of Americans."

"Chinese state... power... [and unparalleled] instruments... can... steer, manage, and push the economy... any direction. ...Policy directives, rules, and regulations can be set with little political obstruction. The state can scrap old rules and make new ones overnight... granting or denying... approvals and licenses, or leveraging the to serve a... goal. ...Internal controls and competition curb corruption. ...[C]ivic society holds ...government ...accountable ...Social media ...embodies a two-way monitoring platform ..."

"China has made the... quantum leap... from US$380 to US$10,000... over... four decades. The second... is to go from US$10,000 to US$30,000... [M]uch... speed of China’s achievement can be ascribed to catching up. But unqualified success... will be... when... 1.4 billion... reach... high-income status, particularly... in a political environment... antithetical to... Western conventional wisdom. ...[H]alf of the most prosperous people in the world... living under Communist rule—not... predicted... when the Berlin Wall fell."

"Western economies... “nudging” s to do the ly optimal thing... have difficulty succeeding. In China... changes can be enacted quickly, with little political opposition."

"[Some] Latin American countries... and Asian economies... experienced rapid growth, but... [never] graduated into... high-income countries. ...[I]t could have been due to corruption, political instability, poor , or inadequate investment in ...This ...is ..."the middle-income trap." Since 1960, only 13 out of 101 middle-income economies... escape[d] it. ...China ...may follow... Japan['s]... lost decade of no growth in the 1990s. If, however, China can keep growing at 5 percent on average, and... the US continues... at... 1.5 percent... the Chinese... will overtake the US... by... 2030. China would not be as rich... for several more decades, but... more than a billion Chinese would enjoy the same living standards... However, ...China will need a new model of growth. ...5 percent ...seems overly optimistic ...275 percent ...debt to GDP ...as of 2022 points to ...painful ... ...And threats of make an export-oriented economy ...fragile."

"Chinese households... make decisions on a collective... basis... a rich network of intergenerational relationships and duties... often... above... ."

"[[Innovation|[I]nnovation]] has... become... one of the highest forms of... glory. And it is [China's] only... hope of becoming the foremost economic power of the twenty-first century."

"In China, an interventionist state is rooted in , a hallmark... since Confucian times... intervention by a senior... is justified if it benefits a junior... This helps explain the... government... [urge] to steer the economy rather than just... markets... [a]nd... provides a rationale... to liberalize slowly... avoiding... risks, in contrast to... former Soviet bloc economies."

"I totally agree with Mr. Zhu's assessment of transitioning to a productivity, innovation driven economy. That's the only way that's going to sustain growth in the long run. So that's a good thing. But... renewables or digitization in the short term... can't possibly displace real estate as a provider for growth and employment in the way that it had in the last 10 years or so. Second, services right now... only accounts for half of GDP and only 48% of employment. That number is 80% in advanced economies, so you can imagine a whole amount of room for also absorbing the youth who are underemployed, highly educated. They account for a more educated skill force than manufacturing. And you also have almost a billion people who haven't really reached middle income by international standards, living under $300 per month. ...So I could go on and on, when even Japan and Korea leveled off their growth, their productivity as a share of... the US was already 80% and China is still very low... a lot of room for convergence. ...[W]e want to separate the cyclical problems of demand from some of the longer term challenges."

"[T]here are still... 870 million people with a monthly income below RMB 2000 (...US$300) ...yet to join the four hundred million in the middle-income group ...by Chinese standards ...RMB 2000—5000—far below the advanced-economy average. ...[A]n enlarged middle-income group ...is the only way to truly bolster China’s consumption engine."

"Entrepreneurs... balance... relationships with local officials... national policy directives, and... regulations..."

"But... the next generation of leaders... more educated and fluent with diverse cultures, are... equipped to bridge the gap between... worldviews. ... US education has opened their eyes to... virtues of an open... if not a wholly free society. Their desire to question... challenge... pursue the truth, and to push back against injustice will have important implications..."

"Extended skirmishes, export bans of semiconductors, and s are reinforcing China’s... course... to attain self-reliance."

"We are focused too much on a financial story of yesterday. Now the dollar is the . The U.S. financial crisis is an aftermath. The financial history or... story of today and tomorrow is going to be about... China's . ...[W]hat is new, and I'm not sure the world is... prepared for it, is... a few firsts of an emerging country. 1) It is the first time a country with only 25% of GDP of the U.S. is leading in many core areas of technology. 2) It is the first time ever that the second largest economy is a middle-income superpower. That has enormous consequences for the... global financial arena. As we encourage China to open up more, are we prepared for, potentially the greater volatility, exchange rate volatility, s... [W]hat... is lacking... even though we've heard so many positive aspects... and I'm completely in agreement, is that China still lacks the micro-foundations in the financial industry, with many more speculators than s, and in that kind of situation, when China opens up completely, is the world ready to absorb the kind of shocks and volatility that even a little tremor of China can send shock waves to... the global economy. So I would pose it as, China's ready for opening up, but is the rest of the world?"

"[[Youth|[Y]oung people]] are big spenders, prodigious borrowers... the potential to unleash trillions... into the global economy... [t]hey are... more open-minded and socially conscious... However, ...less suited to Western-style democracy ...[D]eeply layered in the national psyche ...steeped in their ...culture ...traditions, and rooted in their ...communities ...ushering in an era of economic... without political liberalization..."

"[[w:Self-sustainability|[S]elf-sufficiency]] without... global engagement is... dangerous... in a world where prosperity and technological proficiency are... network based and interdependent. When economic interlinkages snap, everyone loses, especially the vulnerable."

"Only by fully grasping the new China model... can we... appreciate how different it is from pure capitalism or socialism."

"[W]e can... do our best to rise above... sensationalism, stereotypes, and es. Only then can we engage with China in a measured... effective way, critique... and ask good questions. Until we do... we will... get China wrong... when... common purpose has become crucial to addressing... existential threats..."

"[B]ooms and busts is a natural feature of market economies. In the last 40 years China has really never had a bust. ...[B]ust cycles also oust less productive firms and provides exit mechanisms, and that creative destruction... is one of the bright spots... of the situation."

"Confidence has to come from somewhere... There are underlying factors that alter confidence and consumption, and... we've seen the scarring effects of the pandemic. Don't forget that Chinese households did not get the support that European and American households got during the pandemic... [M]ore importantly, could be declining, and we don't really know for sure, but it's not climbing, so without that you can't possibly get consumption to be really... enthusiastic. Of course, there's real estate and the stock market. ...Retail investors account for the majority of turnover for Chinese A shares and... that has also been performing problematically. And... youth unemployment is a challenge, but is it coming from a cyclical feature which is a demand deficit, in which case policies could potentially work, but... As we'll hear from Mr. Zhu, there are also constraints... There's a on s... the key implementers of economic drivers of growth, but now they are suffering from mountainous debt burdens. So these are some of the... short-term challenges."

"[T]hat a could be compatible... with capitalism... [and] socialism was a breakthrough..."

"[T]he Chinese... try to balance obligation and deference with free will."

"There is a growing consciousness... what is economically efficient may not be socially desirable... economic success does not... guarantee a nation’s... ... China will strive to move beyond socialism['s] shortages and capitalism['s] inequality."

"Deng Xiaoping... once remarked that it does not matter whether a cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice. He... put an end to the... debate about the superiority of socialism and capitalism..."

"[I]n China, innovation and have been defining features... despite socialist characteristics... It has found a way to combine private and state forces..."

"The apparatus... effective in mobilizing... technology like electric vehicles and clean energy has... produced excess... steel and s... to flood... markets..."

"China’s economic story... serves as a cautionary tale. [I]n 1978... it began... major reforms... people were mired in poverty. In... ensuing decades, hundreds of millions... were lifted out of poverty. ...But ...[at] a high price ...below-market wages... low... return on... savings... cheaply built housing... environmental degradation and wasted resources... based on a high-cost, high-growth model. A poor nation with ambitions... taking shortcuts. ...Rules and regulations ...bent ...to foster GDP growth. Unfair competition... between... insiders... and the... people... countenanced so long as capital flew in, investment grew, businesses boomed, and GDP surged."

"China has a host of very proficient engineers and... STEM students, so the mastery of is something I'm cautiously optimistic about... One of the key issues apart from China's still very centralized state innovation system, the whole-of-nation system, is the impatience of the nation. ...A country with a people that have seen really remarkable growth, that... want to do things... quickly and... see fast results. ...[T]hat kind of spirit, the short, fast, flat attitude ...originally ...a winning volleyball strategy ...then used to describe winning investment strategies. ...[C]reative breakthroughs ...basic research ...people need to be intrinsically motivated by intellectual passion. That's what is needed to have that long-term knowledge economy. ...[T]he reason that China's business models are so successful is that they're very fast and these companies become successful in a very short period of time."

"The same approach applied to... acquire technology. In its rush to modernize... substandard products, copying and counterfeiting, and investments... with little... efficiency and consequence."

"[T]he backward homeland of my childhood has become the world’s second-largest economy... massive new cities... astonishing technological wonders. Yet... the world is... asking the same questions... comparing China to former Communist... autocratic... repressive regimes."

"COVID-19... in early 2020 China chose to save lives and forsake economic output... the West... swinging the other direction."

"The Chinese dream for me is still about getting the 600 million people who have not reached middle income by international standards... (a monthly income of... $300)... to become middle income, and getting China's average $10,000 GDP per capita to $30,000 or $50,000... That's first and foremost a priority for everyone. We still have a huge swath of the population that can't meet the needs of... dignified life and... secure a good future for their children. ...[T]he China dream ...is that you ...can be in a country with economic opportunities. When you educate, you have better opportunities, when you invest you have a good return, and people live happy and secure lives in a relatively healthy and safe environment. ...China also evolves along with its economy."

"It's important to keep open the dialogue channels, to keep on talking. That's the first thing, and second is to see each other's perspective, and understand each other, for instance, people think about China as having a centralized state model, and that it's crowding out the private sector. That's not... the case. Thirty years ago, 70% of the wealth belonged to the state. Today, 70% of the wealth belongs to the private sector, which also provides 80% of the jobs, 70% of industrial output. ...That centralized approach is more poitical centralization and setting the strategic objective, but there's a huge amount of autonomy left at the local level... to the entrepreneurs... to the local Mayors, and they have an interactive dynamic relationship."

"The rule of law, sound corporate governance, and intellectual property protection... have been weak... Yet... China... succeeded."

"Coming back to the trade challenges... We're seeing in the data that trade is simply being re-routed... from countries like Vietnam and Mexico, but... the ultimate demand and suppliers for that is... still the U.S. and China. It's... taking a longer route... that's going to increase trade cost, and... some Chinese companies... have also set up factories in Mexico and... Vietnam to... circumvent some of these... trade barriers, but it still has to come ultimately from countries like the U.S. and China."

"[I]ts model... embodies a... blend of the state and... market economy, striking a balance between state and industry, coordination and market incentives, communalism and individualism."

"Lots of people talk about the One Road One Belt, but... we lack... communication with the world. This is the main reason behind the one road one belt initiative, for many reasons, including political pressure. Lots of countries need our support, so... from political perspectives there is a real need. ...[T]here is also economic need behind this initiative ...[T]his initiative is about a network [which] has an impact like the internet. If you have more participation in the network, you can have more effect. If you have infrastructure in Kenya but if cannot be connected to Kenya you cannot do more, and often lots of projects in small countries and similar countries which have not enough capacity to [build] their infrastructure... China, with this initiative tries to create a platform with the participation of all other countries... like when the United States helped Europe, the country tried to create a platform with the participation of other countries like... China [is doing now]."

"... indicates... 95 percent of Chinese... had... confidence in... government, compared to 33 percent in the US and 45 percent... in the rest of the world. As of 2022... 91 percent, compared to 39 percent in the US. ...[S]atisfaction levels tend to be lower for s."