"For FRICTION is inevitable because the Universe is FULL of God's works. For the PERPETUAL MOTION is in all works of Almighty GOD. For it is not so in the engines of man, which are made of dead materials, neither indeed can be. For the Moment of bodies, as it is used, is a false term—bless God ye Speakers on the Fifth of November. For Time and Weight are by their several estimates. For I bless GOD in the discovery of the LONGITUDE direct by the means of GLADWICK. For the motion of the PENDULUM is the longest in that it parries resistance. For the WEDDING GARMENTS of all men are prepared in the SUN against the day of acceptation. For the wedding Garments of all women are prepared in the MOON against the day of their purification. For CHASTITY is the key of knowledge as in Esdras, Sir Isaac Newton & now, God be praised, in me. For Newton nevertheless is more of error than of the truth, but I am of the WORD of GOD."

"Life swings like a pendulum backward and forward between pain and boredom."

"Imagine you want to know the sex of your unborn child. There are several approaches. You could, for example, do what the late film star ... Cary Grant did before he was an actor: In a carnival or fair or consulting room, you suspend a watch or a plumb bob above the abdomen of the expectant mother; if it swings left-right it's a boy, and if it swings forward-back it's a girl. The method works one time in two. Of course he was out of there before the baby was born, so he never heard from customers who complained he got it wrong.... But if you really want to know, then you go to amniocentesis, or to sonograms; and there your chance of being right is 99 out of 100. ... If you really want to know, you go to science."

"In many ways, America is on the receiving end of a pendulum that has been swung with great force, and for a long time, outward into the world. The impact is a wake-up call on every level."

"Pendulums have been carried about the world and the times of swing of the same pendulum have been exactly measured in widely different latitudes. The results of these measurements show quite conclusively that the weight of the bob of a given pendulum increases as we travel polewards from the equator, and we may thus described the change. If we had a perfect pendulum clock compensated for temperature change and barometer change (for if the density of the air changes, so does the effect on the buoyancy of the pendulum change), then on removal from the equator to this country it would gain about 130 seconds a day, and on removal from the equator to the pole it would gain about 216 seconds a day."

"Time is a valuable thing Watch it fly by as the pendulum swings Watch it count down to the end of the day The clock ticks life away"

"The person who observes a clock, sees in it not only the pendulum swinging to and fro, and the dial-plate, and the hands moving, for a child can see all this; but he sees also the parts of the clock, and in what connection the suspended weight stands to the wheel-work, and the pendulum to the moving hands."

"The length of the pendulum and that of the meridian are the two principal means offered by Nature for fixing the unity of linear measurements. Both being independent of moral revolutions, they can undergo no detectable alteration short of enormous changes in the physical constitution of the earth. The first method is easily applicable, but has the disadvantage of making the measurement of distance depend on two elements that are heterogeneous to it, gravity and time, the division of [the latter of] which, moreover, is arbitrary. It was decided, therefore, to adopt the second method, which appears to have been employed in early antiquity, so natural is it for man to relate the units of distance by which travels to the dimensions of the globe that he inhabits. In moving about this globe, he may thus know by the simple denomination of the distance the proportion it bears to the entire circumference of the earth. This has the further advantage of making nautical and celestial measurements correspond. The navigator often needs to determine, one from the other, the distance he has traversed and [the length of] the celestial arc lying between the zenith at this point of departure and that at his destination.It is important, therefore, that one of these magnitudes should be the expression of the other, with no difference except in the units. But to that end, the fundamental linear unit must be an aliquot part of the terrestrial meridian, which corresponds to one of the divisions of the curcumferance.Thus the choice of the meter came down to that of unity of angles."

"The history of human thought recalls the swinging of a pendulum which takes centuries to swing. After a long period of slumber comes a moment of awakening. Then thought frees herself from the chains with which those interested — rulers, lawyers, clerics — have carefully enwound her. She shatters the chains. She subjects to severe criticism all that has been taught her, and lays bare the emptiness of the religious political, legal, and social prejudices amid which she has vegetated. She starts research in new paths, enriches our knowledge with new discoveries, creates new sciences."

"The pendulum of the mind alternates between sense and nonsense, not between right and wrong."

"So the pendulum swings, now violently, now slowly; and every institution not only carries within it the seeds of its own dissolution, but prepares the way for its most hated rival."

"To all appearance, the phenomena exhibited by the pendulum are not to be accounted for by impact: in fact, it is usually assumed that corresponding phenomena would take place if the earth and the pendulum were situated in an absolute vacuum, and at any conceivable distance from one another. If this be so, it follows that there must be two totally different kinds of causes of motion: the one impact—a vera causa [true cause], of which, to all appearance, we have constant experience; the other, attractive or repulsive 'force'—a metaphysical entity which is physically inconceivable."

"I shall explain a System of the World differing in many particulars from any yet known, answering in all things to the common Rules of Mechanical Motions: This depends upon three Suppositions. First, That all Cœlestial Bodies whatsoever, have an attraction or gravitating power towards their own Centers, whereby they attract not only their own parts, and keep them from flying from them, as we may observe the Earth to do, but that they do also attract all the other Cœlestial bodies that are within the sphere of their activity; and consequently that not only the Sun and Moon have an influence upon the body and motion the Earth, and the Earth upon them, but that Mercury also Venus, Mars, Saturn and Jupiter by their attractive powers, have a considerable influence upon its motion in the same manner the corresponding attractive power of the Earth hath a considerable influence upon every one of their motions also. The second supposition is this, That all bodies whatsoever that are put into a direct and simple motion, will continue to move forward in a straight line, till they are by some other effectual powers deflected and bent into a Motion, describing a Circle, Ellipse, or some other more compounded Curve Line. The third supposition is, That these attractive powers are so much the more powerful in operating, by how much the nearer the body wrought upon is to their own Centers. Now what these several degrees are I have not yet experimentally verified; but it is a notion, which if fully prosecuted as it ought to be, will mightily assist the Astronomer to reduce all the Cœlestial Motions to a certain rule, which I doubt will never be done true without it. He that understands the nature of the Circular Pendulum and Circular Motion, will easily understand the whole ground of this Principle, and will know where to find direction in Nature for the true stating thereof. This I only hint at present to such as have ability and opportunity of prosecuting this Inquiry, and are not wanting of Industry for observing and calculating, wishing heartily such may be found, having myself many other things in hand which I would first complete and therefore cannot so well attend it. But this I durst promise the Undertaker, that he will find all the Great Motions of the World to be influenced by this Principle, and that the true understanding thereof will be the true perfection of Astronomy."

"I love thee, I love but thee, With a love that shall not die Till the sun grows cold, And the stars are old, And the leaves of the Judgment Book unfold!"

"It's too cold outside for angels to fly."

"There is an apocryphal story, that when the German philosopher Goethe lay dying, he was supposed to have opened his eyes, and said, “Light. Please, God. Let me have light. I must have light.” And, a hundred years later, the Spanish philosopher Unomono, upon hearing what had been supposedly Goethe’s final statement, is suppose to have responded: “No. Impossible. Goethe would not have asked for light. Not light. He would have asked for warmth. He would have said, ‘Please, God, let me have warmth. I must have warmth. Men do not die of the darkness. They die of the cold. It is the frost that kills. And this warmth I talk of, this is the warmth of love.”’"

"Living in a cold house, apartment, or other building can cause hypothermia. In fact, hypothermia can happen to someone in a nursing home or group facility if the rooms are not kept warm enough. If someone you know is in a group facility, pay attention to the inside temperature and to whether that person is dressed warmly enough. People who are sick may have special problems keeping warm. Do not let it get too cold inside and dress warmly. Even if you keep your temperature between 60°F and 65°F, your home or apartment may not be warm enough to keep you safe. This is a special problem if you live alone because there is no one else to feel the chilliness of the house or notice if you are having symptoms of hypothermia. Here are some tips for keeping warm while you're inside: * Set your heat to at least 68–70°F. To save on heating bills, close off rooms you are not using. Close the vents and shut the doors in these rooms, and keep the basement door closed. Place a rolled towel in front of all doors to keep out drafts. * Make sure your house isn't losing heat through windows. Keep your blinds and curtains closed. If you have gaps around the windows, try using weather stripping or caulk to keep the cold air out. * Dress warmly on cold days even if you are staying in the house. Throw a blanket over your legs. Wear socks and slippers. *When you go to sleep, wear long underwear under your pajamas, and use extra covers. Wear a cap or hat. * Make sure you eat enough food to keep up your weight. If you don't eat well, you might have less fat under your skin. Body fat helps you to stay warm. *Drink alcohol moderately, if at all. Alcoholic drinks can make you lose body heat. *Ask family or friends to check on you during cold weather. If a power outage leaves you without heat, try to stay with a relative or friend. You may be tempted to warm your room with a space heater. But, some space heaters are fire hazards, and others can cause carbon monoxide poisoning. The Consumer Product Safety Commission has information on the use of space heaters."

"Future work will extend the coilgun method to trap molecules of chemical interest. Once they are in a magnetic trap, they can be cooled to near the single photon recoil limit using the method of single photon cooling, as demonstrated recently with trapped atoms. The application of this method to cooling of molecules is particularly promising."

"Despite the growing interest in the ﬁeld of ultracold chemistry, experimental progress has been hampered by a lack of appropriate methods to trap and cool molecules. Laser cooling, while very successful, is limited to a small number of atoms in the Periodic Table because few atoms and no molecules have closed cycling transitions. The main methods to produce cold molecules of chemical interest can be divided into two groups. Buffer gas cooling relies on collisions with cold helium in a dilution refrigerator to cool paramagnetic molecules and trap them in a magnetic trap. Super-sonic expansion is used by other methods to precool the molecules. The resulting cold molecular beams have been slowed and trapped in some experiments by interactions with pulsed electric ﬁelds Stark decelerator, by interactions with pulsed optical ﬁelds, by spinning the nozzle, and by billiardlike collisions. Finally, laser-cooled alkali-metal atoms are used to produce cold molecules via photoassociation. None of these methods have, to date, achieved the phase space densities required to observe reaction dynamics at ultracold temperatures. We recently demonstrated a general method to stop and eventually trap paramagnetic atoms. Our method is based on the interaction of a paramagnetic particle with pulsed magnetic ﬁelds. It operates in analogy with the Stark decelerator by reducing the kinetic energy of a para-magnetic atom passing through a series of pulsed electro-magnetic coils. The amount of kinetic energy removed by each stage is equal to the Zeeman energy shift that the atom experiences at the time the ﬁelds are switched off."

"Here I stand In the light of day! Let the storm rage on! The cold never bothered me anyway!"

"People ask the way to Cold Mountain. Cold Mountain? There is no road that goes through. Even in summer the ice doesn't melt; Though the sun comes out, the fog is blinding. How can you hope to get there by aping me? Your heart and mine are not alike. If your heart were the same as mine, Then you could journey to the very center!"

"If I was not assured by the best authority on earth that the world is to be destroyed by fire, I should conclude that the day of destruction is at hand, but brought on by means of an agent very opposite to that of heat."

"Do you wish to honor the Body of the Savior? Do not despise it when it is naked. Do not honor it in church with silk vestments while outside it is naked and numb with cold. He who said, “This is my body,” and made it so by his word, is the same that said, “You saw me hungry and you gave me no food. As you did it not to the least of these, you did it not to me.” Honor him then by sharing your property with the poor. For what God needs is not golden chalices but golden souls."

"A cold coming they had of it, at this time of the year; just the worst time of the year to take a journey, and specially a long journey, in."

"In my own field, x-ray crystallography, we used to work out the structure of minerals by various dodges which we never bothered to write down, we just used them. Then Linus Pauling came along to the laboratory, saw what we were doing and wrote out what we now call Pauling's Rules. We had all been using Pauling's Rules for about three or four years before Pauling told us what the rules were."

"Researchers hope to be able to get diffraction patterns from individual molecules, allowing them to watch biomolecules moving and interacting in a completely natural setting, surrounded by water, instead of trapped in the artificial environment of a crystal. That’s my future vision for crystallography. Get away from being a coroner imaging dead molecules, and instead get molecular movies."

"Crystallographers should take a lesson from particle physicists and create a body run by scientists for the governance of large international x-ray and neutron facilities. It should be guided by input from regular meetings of researchers from across the scientific community. This will ensure that the next generation of infrastructure will have the strongest possible scientific case, articulated clearly."

"Crystallography remains a cutting-edge field, and one that, if harnessed properly, could contribute as much in the next 100 years as it did in the previous 100. The development of the x-ray free-electron laser, for example, is a monumental technical achievement, and one that seems more suited to the world of 2114 than 1914, or even 2014."

"Thanks to the methods that [Crystallographers] have devised for investigating crystal structures, an entirely new world has been opened and has already in part been explored with marvelous exactitude. The significance of these methods, and of the results attained by their means, cannot as yet be gauged in its entirety, however imposing its dimensions already appear to be."

"It takes a very special breed of scientist to do this work...it is an area of science in which women dominate."

"Crystallographers have a raft of methods at their disposal. Von Laue scattered X-ray photons from atoms. Now experimenters can also bombard crystal lattices with electrons and neutrons, and exploit properties such as the polarization of photons and neutrons and their interactions with magnetic fields."

"Crystallography is increasingly focusing its resources on large multidisciplinary facilities, such as powerful X-ray and neutron sources."

"Aeroplanes fly safely because crystallography tests computer models of materials under stress. Drugs are more potent because crystallographers can see and modify how molecules interact with target sites in cells. An X-ray diffraction instrument on NASA’s Curiosity rover is now even studying the mineralogy of Mars."

"Since modern crystallography dawned with X-ray diffraction experiments on crystals by Max von Laue in 1912 and William and Lawrence Bragg (a father and son team) in 1913, and was recognized by Nobel prizes in physics for von Laue in 1914 and the Braggs in 1915, the discipline has informed almost every branch of the natural sciences."

"I miss the old days, when nearly every problem in X-ray crystallography was a puzzle that could be solved only by much thinking."

"...all the work of the crystallographers serves only to demonstrate that there is only variety everywhere they suppose uniformity...that innature there is nothing absolute, nothing perfectly regular."

"Net molecular polarity is measured by a quantity called the dipole moment and can be thought of in the following way: assume that there is a center of mass of all positive charges (nuclei) in a molecule and a center of mass of all negative charges (electrons). If these two centers don’t coincide, then the molecule has a net polarity. The dipole moment, μ (Greek mu), is defined as the magnitude of the charge Q at either end of the molecular dipole times the distance r between the charges, μ = Q × r. Dipole moments are expressed in debyes(D), where 1 D = 3.336 ×10-30 coulomb meter (C · m) in SI units. For example, the unit charge on an electron is 1.60 ×10-19 C. Thus, if one positive charge and one negative charge are separated by 100 pm (a bit less than the length of a typical covalent bond), the dipole moment is 1.60 ×10-29 C · m, or 4.80 D.… In contrast with water, methanol, and ammonia, molecules such as carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, and benzene have zero dipole moments. Because of the symmetrical structures of these molecules, the individual bond polarities and lone-pair contributions exactly cancel."

"In subsequent chapters, discussions regarding a number of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques that could not be implemented when nuclear magnetic resonance was first discovered are presented. Their advent required, for example, strong magnetic fields and/or cryoprobes to accommodate limited sample availability. Pulsed field gradients (PFGs) have improved solvent suppression, have enabled efficient selective excitation, and have made accessible a different time range to diffusion coefficient measurement. Such developments have, of course, been made in parallel with increasing access to powerful computers and sophisticated software, permitting speedy processing and analysis of the various types and sizes of acquired data sets. Instrumental and software developments in the past 30 to 40 years have meant that NMR spectroscopy is now used in a wide range of scenarios. Synthetic chemists use NMR to elucidate structures of small molecules. It is employed in pharmaceutical industries for structure elucidation and drug development and screening (Chapter 3, Section 7.1). Biochemistry and biotechnology sectors utilise NMR to probe solution structures and functions of biological polymers (Chapter 7), and it is increasingly used in biomedicine (in particular, biomarker discovery; Chapter 6) for the analysis of complex matrices. Materials science (both soft and hard matters) is another application area in which solution and solid-state NMR has proved extremely valuable. While not an exhaustive list of applications, this is an illustration of the breadth of science that has benefitted from this analytical technique."

"A diatomic molecule is a molecule with one atom too many."

"Such a shared-electron bond, first proposed in 1916 by G. N. Lewis, is called a covalent bond. The neutral collection of atoms held together by covalent bonds is called a molecule."

"Deep in the sea all molecules repeat the patterns of one another till complex new ones are formed. They make others like themselves and a new dance starts.Growing in size and complexity living things masses of atoms DNA, protein dancing a pattern ever more intricate."

"MOLECULE, n. The ultimate, indivisible unit of matter. It is distinguished from the corpuscle, also the ultimate, indivisible unit of matter, by a closer resemblance to the atom, also the ultimate, indivisible unit of matter. Three great scientific theories of the structure of the universe are the molecular, the corpuscular and the atomic. A fourth affirms, with Haeckel, the condensation of precipitation of matter from ether -- whose existence is proved by the condensation of precipitation. The present trend of scientific thought is toward the theory of ions. The ion differs from the molecule, the corpuscle and the atom in that it is an ion. A fifth theory is held by idiots, but it is doubtful if they know any more about the matter than the others."

"Back at Caltech, my research was going strong, and we had four different laboratories busy with experiments and people. In one of these laboratories, we were continuing with our work on coherence; in others, advancing techniques for shorter time resolution and for developing an optical analog for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In NMR, the spin of nuclei with their transitions at radio frequencies is used for a variety of applications, ranging from the studies of molecular structure to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is now commonly used in hospitals throughout the world."

"The nuclei of certain elements, including 1H nuclei (protons) and 13C(carbon-13) nuclei, behave as though they were magnets spinning about an axis. When a compound containing protons or carbon-13 nuclei is placed in a very strong magnetic field and simultaneously irradiated with electromagnetic energy of the appropriate frequency, nuclei of the compound absorb energy through a process called magnetic resonance. The absorption of energy is quantized. ... We can use NMR spectra to provide valuable information about the structure of any molecule we might be studying. In the following sections we shall explain how four features of a molecule’s proton NMR spectrum can help us arrive at its structure."

"For magnetic fields that can be routinely produced in the laboratory, the transitions between energy levels for nuclear magnetic dipoles occur in the radio-frequency range, and the transitions between energy levels for unpaired electron spins occur in the microwave range. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) yield such valuable structural information that they have become indispensable in chemistry."

"In the absence of an external magnetic field, the spins of magnetic nuclei are oriented randomly. When a sample containing these nuclei is placed between the poles of a strong magnet, however, the nuclei adopt specific orientations, much as a compass needle orients in the earth’s magnetic field. A spinning 1H or 13C nucleus can orient so that its own tiny magnetic field is aligned either with (parallel to) or against (antiparallel to) the external field. The two orientations don’t have the same energy, however, and aren’t equally likely. The parallel orientation is slightly lower in energy by an amount that depends on the strength of the external field, making this spin state very slightly favored over the antiparallel orientation. ... If the oriented nuclei are irradiated with electromagnetic radiation of the proper frequency, energy absorption occurs and the lower-energy state “spinflips” to the higher-energy state. When this spin-flip occurs, the magnetic nuclei are said to be in resonance with the applied radiation—hence the name nuclear magnetic resonance."

"The electron paramagnetic resonance discovered by Evgenii Konstantinovich is undoubtedly a first-class thing. It is a pity that nuclear magnetic resonance 'floated away'. Clearly, if Evgenii Konstantinovich had worked in better conditions, he would have done much more."

"Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy depends on the absorption of energy when the nucleus of an atom is excited from its lowest energy spin state to the next higher one. The nuclei of several elements can be studied by NMR. The two elements that are the most common in organic molecules (carbon and hydrogen) have isotopes (1H and 13C) capable of giving NMR spectra that are rich in structural information. A proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectrum tells us about the environments of the various hydrogens in a molecule; a carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectrum does the same for the carbon atoms. Separately and together 1H and 13C NMR take us a long way toward determining a substance’s molecular structure. We’ll develop most of the general principles of NMR by discussing 1H NMR, then extend them to 13C NMR. The 13C NMR discussion is shorter, not because it is less important than 1H NMR, but because many of the same principles apply to both techniques."

"There is nothing new under the sun."

"Man must have been conscious of memories and purposes long before he made any explicit distinction between past, present, and future."