"Vietnam is a nation of 4000-year history. That nation was dominated by foreign forces for as long as most of the first millennium AD, yet lived on without having been assimilated. After regaining independence for the first time in 939, the nation had to fight 16 other wars of resistance against foreign invaders. In the 20th century, she was forced to take up arms to fight against foreign invasions for her independence, freedom, national unification, survival and development. We hope that those were the last wars in our history to safeguard our national independence, unity and territorial integrity."