"Despite our modern arsenal of antibiotics, of viral and bacterial vaccines, of antiviral drugs, advanced intensive care treatment, and nonpharmaceutical interventions, we are still doing a poor job of preventing influenza deaths. The most important lesson from the devastation of the 1918 pandemic may be the need to produce better antiviral drugs and prophylactic and therapeutic monoclonal antibody therapies. We need effective vaccines against multiple bacterial pneumopathogens, especially S. aureus and S. pyogenes, and effective broadly protective “universal” influenza vaccines to prevent, or at least mitigate the impact of, future pandemics and to prevent deaths from seasonal influenza in the periods in between pandemics. Vaccines that could confer long-term broad immune responses against all influenza viruses, and especially against viruses with the most pathogenic HAs found in nature, would greatly enhance public health preparedness."