"But he [Pavel Krushevan] was also responsible for writing and publishing in 1903 the infamous Protocols of the Elders of Zion, whose effects haunt us to this day. The Protocols consists of supposed conversations among a Jewish cabal, which had in fact been lifted from a French satire written by Maurice Joly and aimed at Napoleon III. Though Joly's satire had nothing to do with Jewish matters, it was nevertheless peppered with references to Jews and their money. Until recently, conventional wisdom held that the Protocols had been fabricated around the first Zionist Congress in 1897 by the Okhrana—the tsarist secret police—and specifically by Pyotor Rachkovsky, the head of the Okhrana delegation in Paris, with help from a journalist named Matvei Golovinskii. Zipperstein claims, based on current research, that the two were not the authors of the Protocols and that the Okhrana were not behind it. Krushevan was the first to publish the Protocols in his newspaper, but his involvement as its main author has not been widely recognized. Krushevan was also the main source behind a toxic conspiracy theory in the Protocols about a gathering of prominent Jews, headed by Edmond James de Rothschild, that supposedly explained how Jews controlled the world."