"Male chauvinism is a heterosexual leftover that need not be claimed by gay men, but also gay men have been nearly forced to internalize the male chauvinist role to survive in a heterosexual world. The flip side of internalization theories are theories that account for gay men’s sexism as a form of resistance to heteronormativity. Gay writers who acknowledge sexism among gay men often explain that disdain for women is simply an unfortunate manifestation of a positive project, the rejection of heterosexuality. In an essay about gay men’s relationships with lesbians, William Mann (1994) accounts for his friends' misogyny by depicting it as a misguided pronouncement of personal liberation."