"Tietze’s new studies showed that population control programs with conventional methods “were getting nowhere fast.” Intensive review of old methods continued, but reported results remained contradictory, probably reflecting differences in motivation between populations. Some members of the Population Council were convinced by the futility of programs based on conventional methods that something better had to be found. Frank Notestein, who succeeded Fredrick Osborn as president of the Population Council in 1958, remembers his frustration in knowing that something had to be done to control rapid population growth but lacking the contraceptive means that would enable the council to take decisive action. “I’ve never been in another situation in my life that made me feel so helpless.” It was this sense of urgency which prompted a reevaluation of intrauterine devices."