"In the Soviet Union, Stalin established thousands of gulags — ‘corrective’ labour camps — in at least 476 separate complexes, including Kolyma, Norilsk and Vorkuta, each located north of the Arctic Circle. At any one time — between 1929 and 1953 the gulags held an estimated 7 million prisoners, of whom around 700,000 died each year. Eighteen million people passed through them under Stalin. The gulags were officially abolished in 1960. More recently, camps as places of imprisonment, torture and murder have reappeared in Europe, with the brutal ‘ethnic cleansing’ of the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s. The 677 camps in Bosnia, housing mainly Bosnians Muslims and Bosnian Croats, included Omarska (7000 prisoners; 5000 killed), Keraterm (3000; 300), Trnopolje (6000; unknown), Heliodrom (6000; unknown) and Manjaéa (3737; unknown)."