"T. P. Hughes, who served as a missionary in India, wrote in his influential Dictionary of Islam under zimmi: "With regard to the idolatry of a non-Arabic country . . . ash-Shafil maintains that destruction is incurred by them also; but the other learned doctors agree that it is lawful to reduce them to slavery, thus allowing them, as it were, a respite during which it may please God to direct them into the right path, but making, at the same time, their persons and substance subservient to the cause of Islam.""