"Sirhindi’s harsh stance with regard to the martial jihad and the subjugation of those who refuse to embrace Islam is no less uncompromising than that of his Sufi spiritual predecessors al-Jilani, al-Ghazali, and Ibn ‘Arabi. Like the other Sufi s whose writings we have examined thus far, Sirhindi exemplifi es the Sufi synthesis of the spiritual path with outward doctrinal concerns in that in his writings he addresses esoteric spiritual topics (e.g. the aforementioned prophetic and saintly ways) as well as practical matters concerning the Muslim conduct of state with regard to non-Muslims."