"The secret of nature is symmetry, but much of the texture of the world is due to mechanisms of symmetry breaking. The are a variety of mechanisms wherein the symmetry of nature can be hidden or broken. The first is explicit symmetry breaking where the is only approximately symmetric, but the magnitude of the symmetry breaking forces is small, so that one can treat the symmetry violation as a small correction. Such approximate symmetries lead to approximate conservation laws. Many of the symmetries observed in nature are of this sort, not really symmetries of the laws of physics at all, but—for what appears sometimes to be accidental reasons—approximate symmetries for a certain class of phenomena. The isotopic symmetry of the is an example of an approximate symmetry; good due to the small values of the and masses and the weakness of the electromagnetic force. A more profound way of hiding symmetry is the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking. Here the laws of physics are symmetric but the state of the system is not. This situation is common in . The is an example of a solution of Newton’s equations that is not rotationally invariant, although the equations are. Consequently, for an observer of the solar system, the rotational invariance of the law of gravitation is not manifest."
January 1, 1970