"The manifestly ‘constructivist’ way in which Hayek appears to have believed that a transitional dictator can deftly engineer the ‘bootstrap equilibrium’ of limited democracy is surprising. He acknowledged as much himself when he candidly opened his BBC talk by noting that he expected to ‘lay myself open to the … objection of being inconsistent. … I have been arguing that constitutions in the old Whig tradition ought to grow and not be made; and to suggest any completely new constitutional system is somewhat absurd’. Nevertheless, his suggestion that a Salazar-type dictator can readily conjure up an Upper House to create the traditions and moral conventions that the Western democracies required centuries to develop seems particularly far-fetched."