"Despite all the caveats about the particular corvid or crow-like bird that may be called a "raven" (two species in North America, one in Europe, four in Africa, and three in Australia), in the public consciousness of Europe and America and in most of the extensive literature, raven refers to one species only: '. It is this species that is the primary object of comment and observations in folklore ... The raven, C. corax, occupies an extraordinary geographical and ecological range. It is circumpolar, found even above the and all the way south to the mountains of ."