"The uprisings revived pan-Arab consciousness with the hope that Arab dictatorships could be swept away in a democratic revolutionary wave. But as of spring 2014, the results of the Arab revolution have amounted to far less than participants aimed to achieve. A more democratic government was established in Tunisia with an elected president. Qadafi’s rule was ended through a civil war and large-scale foreign military intervention on the side of the rebels. But the new Libya appeared on the verge of another civil war and/or permanent fragmentation while its oil was exploited by foreign powers. Numerous uncontrolled militias and their often lawless violence seemed to constitute a state of institutionalized terrorism with pro-democratic Libyans intimidated into passive submission."