"Coeliac disease is an that primarily affects the , and is caused by the ingestion of in genetically susceptible individuals. in the general population ranges from 0·5% to 2%, with an average of about 1%. The development of the coeliac depends on a complex immune response to gluten proteins, including both and . Clinical presentation of coeliac disease is highly variable and includes classical and non-classical gastrointestinal symptoms, extraintestinal manifestations, and subclinical cases. The disease is associated with a risk of complications, such as and . Diagnosis of coeliac disease requires a positive (IgA anti- 2 and anti- ) and on small-intestinal biopsy. Treatment involves a ; however, owing to the high psychosocial burden of such a diet, research into alternative pharmacological treatments is currently very active."