"Briefly, Europe inherited not one but two mathematical traditions: (i) from Greece and Egypt a mathematics that was spiritual, anti-empirical, proof-oriented, and explicitly religious, and (ii) from India via Arabs a mathematics that was pro-empirical, and calculation-oriented, with practical objectives.' Much mathematics taught at the K-12 level is of Indo-Arabic origin: (1) arithmetic, (2) algebra, (3) trigonometry, and (4) calculus. Despite the obviously different philosophical orientations of these two streams of mathematics Europe recognized only a single possible philosophy of a "universal" European mathematics, into which it forcibly sought to fit both mathematical streams."