"If you were incredibly, incredibly optimistic, you might look at the differences and say: “Well, gradient descent is not the same as natural selection, so it won’t have all the same complications as natural selection. And I don’t know of any particular complications in the relationship between what AIs are trained for and what AIs end up wanting; so I don’t expect any complications.” But a blank map does not correspond to a blank territory: if you’re venturing across an unknown land mass and your map has a blank spot where you haven’t visited, it doesn’t mean you’ll see a vast empty space when you get there. If gradient descent is different from natural selection, that doesn’t mean that we should expect to see no complications, since we don’t know about any. Rather, we should expect to see new, interesting, unpredicted complications."