"All ideologies (in the pejorative sense with which we are concerned here) are forms of consciousness that are false in some respect. In Marx's writing, two kinds of mistakes seem to be primarily at issue. First, ideologies involve a false belief that "the particular interest of a subgroup is the general interest of the group as a whole." Second, ideologies involve a mistake about their origin: agents think that the ideology arose because of its responsiveness to epistemically relevant considerations (e.g., evidence, reasons, etc.), when, in fact, it arose only because it was responsive to the interests of the dominant economic class in the existing economic system."

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Added on April 10, 2026
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Original Language: English