"... Early clocks were inaccurate by as much as half an hour a day, and had to be reset frequently with the aid of a ; breakdowns were numerous. The energies of the early masters seem to have gone as much into ornamenting their clocks as into making them more precise, for the construction of human and animal automata, as well as astronomical indicators, was quite popular. Finally, in the seventeenth century, the Dutch scientist Christian Huygens created the that resulted in a vast improvement in precision. By then the clock was ingrained in the European way of thinking as the artificial model of the cyclical processes of nature, and it was ready to serve as the prototype for the mechanization of a variety of tasks that had previously been performed by hand."