Newton's laws of motion

"Newton’s glory was to fulfil, in his Principia of 1687, Galileo's hope of geometrizing gravitation. The ingredients of his solution were Descartes' first law of motion (the principle of inertia), Galileo's rules of and composition of velocities, and Kepler's rules of planetary orbiting. Newton showed that Kepler's rules following form Galileo's, the principle of inertia, and the assumption that a planet falls towards the Sun along the line joining their centres. Since Kepler's rules allowed the substitution of an area for a time, Newton could reduce the problem of the magnitude of gravitational acceleration to a problem in geometry."

"Only around the end of the nineteenth century did scientists come across a few observations that did not fit well with Newton's laws, and these led to the net revolution in physics - the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics."

"Lex I. Corpus omne perseverare in statu suo quiescendi vel movendi uniformiter in directum, nisi quatenus a viribus impressi cogitur statum illum mutare. Lex II. Mutationem motus proportionalem esse vi motrici impressa; & fieri secundum lineam rectam qua vis illa imprimatur. Lex III. Actioni contrariam semper & aequalem esse reactionem: sive corporum duorum actiones in se mutuo semper esse aequales & in partes contrarias dirigi. (English translation: Law I. Every body perseveres in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line, except in so far as it is compelled to change that state by the forces impressed upon it. Law II. The change of motion is proportional to the motive force impressed upon it; and takes place along the straight line on which that force is impressed. Law III. To an action there is always an opposite and equal reaction: or the actions of two bodies on each other are always equal and directed in opposite directions.)"