"In 1970, AIM, United Native Americans, and Lakota activists from South Dakota occupied Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills to bring attention to the 1868 Treaty and the fact that the land upon which the monument had been built was stolen. Activists pointed out that the monument itself was a form of vandalism-not "a shrine of democracy" but "a shrine of hypocrisy." Each president-Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Roosevelt-had participated in Indigenous genocide and land theft. The Haudenosaunee Confederacy called Washington "Town Destroyer" for his role in the extirpation of their villages. Jefferson had advanced Indigenous removal policies and begun the expansion of the US empire west of the Mississippi. Lincoln had ordered the hanging of thirty-eight Dakota patriots after the 1862 US-Dakota War and oversaw the 1864 Long Walk for Navajos in the Southwest. Roosevelt had "nationalized" millions of acres of Indigenous lands for national parks. While symbolic, there was a growing militancy to the tactics of takeover and occupation. Across the United States, BIA headquarters became the targets for protest. Among the protestors' many concerns was the failure to uphold treaties. Critics in the federal government viewed treaty claims as mere rhetoric."