Geographers From Germany

"Rather more idiosyncratically, the geographer Carl Ritter published a Creuzerian study of Europe’s peoples before Herodotus in which he suggested that the true source of religious ideas and of “‘civilization’s seeds” was not Egypt or South Asia but northern India. Here, all had shared a Buddha cult, one that included “a common belief in a single, highest God, a God of peace, and a belief in immortality, together with many dogmas, priestly teachings and priestly institutions, such as reincarnation, rebirth, the Flood, the final salvation... .” Religious sectarianism, however, had forced a Babel-like dispersal of this culture, provoking the wandering of Indian priests throughout Europe and Central Asia; they brought the Buddha cult with them, laying the foundations for a shared Graeco-oriental mythology ~— and also clearly laying the foundations for a later, Judeo-Christian revelation. Drawing heavily on Creuzer, as well as on the latter’s beloved late Greek sources, Ritter explicitly sought to decenter a Roman view of Europe’s prehistory by substituting one that insisted upon a shared primeval monotheism and the “common roots” of the ancient Thracians, Germanic tribes, Indians, Greeks, Scythians, and Persians."

"In the local usage, the lower course [i.e. the Nara] is also given the name Hakra. The local people were probably aware of the continuity of the entire line of valleys and that a single river flowed here once upon a time."

"‘This early confluence of the Sutlej and Beas was by no means the end of the matter. Both rivers have separated and rejoined several times in the last 2000 years.’"

"The extraordinary breadth of the Hakra bed, which is not less than 3 km over a distance of 250 km and is even 6 km in some places, must therefore be due to the flood discharge from the big glacial rivers coming down from the Himalayas . . . The small Siwalik rivers would not have been enough to supply all the water in the Sarasvatī. In other words, the Sarasvatī must have had a source river in the Himalaya; the Sarasvatī must have lost this source river either due to a diversion or tapping, as indicated by the sharp bend near Rupar.... There should no longer be any doubt that Sutlej water flowed into the Hakra at three different places in an earlier period . . . In the very distant past, the Jumna [Yamuna] was certainly one of the big water suppliers of the ‘Lost River of Sind’. The water flowed through an old 1.5 km wide bed of the Chautang.. . . This dry bed is indeed the holy river ‘Sarasvatī’ . . .; once upon a time, this was a genuine solitary river which reached the ocean without any tributaries on its long way through the desert."

"Many of the properties in World Heritage List are under threat and the list is underrepresented. This requires us to strengthen global efforts in heritage protection and I think China can play an important role in this regard."

"Our imagination is struck only by what is great; but the lover of natural philosophy should reflect equally on little things."

"In order to ameliorate without commotion new institutions must be made, as it were, to rise out of those which the barbarism of centuries has consecrated. It will one day seem incredible that until the year 1826 there existed no law in the Great Antilles to prevent the sale of young infants and their separation from their parents, or to prohibit the degrading custom of marking the negroes with a hot iron, merely to enable these human cattle to be more easily recognized."

"The principal impulse by which I was directed was the earnest endeavor to comprehend the phenomena of physical objects in their general connection, and to represent nature as one great whole, moved and animated by internal forces. My intercourse with highly-gifted men early led me to discover that, without an earnest striving to attain to a knowledge of special branches of study, all attempts to give a grand and general view of the universe would be nothing more than a vain illusion. These special departments in the great domain of natural science are, moreover, capable of being reciprocally fructified by means of the appropriative forces by which they are endowed."

"While we maintain the unity of the human species, we at the same time repel the depressing assumption of superior and inferior races of men. There are nations more susceptible of cultivation, more highly civilized, more enobled by mental cultivation than others, but none in themselves nobler than others. All are in like degree designed for freedom; a freedom which, in the ruder conditions of society, belongs only to the individual, but which, in social states enjoying political institutions, appertains as a right to the whole body of the community."

"Only what we have wrought into our character during life can we take away with us."

"The most powerful influence exercised by the Arabs on general natural physics was that directed to the advances of chemistry; a science for which this race created a new era.(...) Besides making laudatory mention of that which we owe to the natural science of the Arabs in both the terrestrial and celestial spheres, we must likewise allude to their contributions in separate paths of intellectual development to the general mass of mathematical science."

"That celebrated traveller Humboldt was profoundly impressed with the scientific value of a combined effort to be made by the observers of all nations, to obtain accurate measurements of the magnetism of the earth; and we owe it mainly to his enthusiasm for science... that not only private men of science, but the governments of most of the civilised nations... were induced to take part in the enterprise."

"The celebrated traveller, Baron Humboldt, calling on the President one day, was received into his cabinet. On taking up one of the public journals which lay upon the table, he was shocked to find its columns teeming with the most wanton abuse and licentious calumnies of the President. He threw it down with indignation, exclaiming, "Why do you not have the fellow hung who dares to write these abominable lies ?" The President smiled at the warmth of the Baron, and replied — "What! hang the guardians of the public morals? No sir, — rather would I protect the spirit of freedom which dictates even that degree of abuse. Put that paper into your pocket, my good friend, carry it with you to Europe, and when you hear any one doubt the reality of American freedom, show them that paper, and tell them where you found it." "But is it not shocking that virtuous characters should be defamed?" replied the Baron. "Let their actions refute such libels. Believe me," continued the President, "virtue is not long darkened by the clouds of calumny; and the temporary pain which it causes is infinitely overweighed by the safety it insures against degeneracy in the principles and conduct of public functionaries. When a man assumes a public trust, he should consider himself as public property.""

"there is this poetry. There is this science. The farther along the way we go in each, the more clearly the relationship may be perceived, the more prodigal the gifts. The definitions of Western culture have, classically, separated these two disciplines. When Darwin wrote of Humboldt that he displayed the rare union between poetry and science, he set the man in a line of heroes of that meeting-place-a line which includes Lucretius and Goethe and Leonardo, but which for the last centuries has been obscured in the critical structure which insists that the forms of imagination are not only separate, but exclusive."

"From the remotest nebulæ and from the revolving double stars, we have descended to the minutest organisms of animal creation, whether manifested in the depths of ocean or on the surface of our globe, and to the delicate vegetable germs which clothe the naked declivity of the ice-crowned mountain summit; and here we have been able to arrange these phenomena according to partially known laws; but other laws of a more mysterious nature rule the higher spheres of the organic world, in which is comprised the human species in all its varied conformation, its creative intellectual power, and the languages to which it has given existence. A physical delineation of nature terminates at the point where the sphere of intellect begins, and a new world of mind is opened to our view. It marks the limit, but does not pass it."

"(In 2019) more than 150 years ago, Alexander von Humboldt warned that “the restless activity of large communities of men gradually despoil the face of the Earth”."

"Devoted from my earliest youth to the study of nature, feeling with enthusiasm the wild beauties of a country guarded by mountains and shaded by ancient forests, I experienced in my travels, enjoyments which have amply compensated for the privations inseparable from a laborious and often agitated life."

"One of the noblest characteristics which distinguish modern civilization from that of remoter times is, that it has enlarged the mass of our conceptions, rendered us more capable of perceiving the connection between the physical and intellectual world, and thrown a more general interest over objects which heretofore occupied only a few scientific men, because those objects were contemplated separately, and from a narrower point of view."

"The expression of vanity and self-love becomes less offensive, when it retains something of simplicity and frankness."