Turkmenistan

"Ethnic Uzbeks form less than five percent of Turkmenistan’s population – that country does not publish detailed statistics on demography -- and it is uncertain how many of them want to leave or are being restricted from doing so."

"makes an important point, i.e., that states can persecute religious majorities, not only religious minorities. It claims such is the case in Turkmenistan, where the government is engaged in a harsh “repression of Muslims who deviate from the state’s preferred interpretation of Islam.” One problem is that what this interpretation is, is unclear. …Turkmenistan punishes both the Muslims who are not religious enough and those who are too religious, but finding a logic in the behavior of officials and the police, often dictated by the bribes they receive, is difficult. …[A]ll believers whose freedom of religion is violated in Turkmenistan should feel supported by the international community."