Brina Kessel

"A maximum of 140 species of birds can be seen more-or-less regularly each year in interior Alaska. Of these species, however, only 28 can be considered regular winter residents, including two hawks, six s, five owls, four s, and eleven s ..."

"Most s leave the during September and October (Hunt et al. 1981b), but stragglers have been recorded as far north as as late as any water exists, even to mid-November ( and 1959)."

"Young s are unable to fly when they leave the nest; they fall and flutter to the water below and swim immediately ..."

"The author takes a ian approach to identifying the major environmental factors that help define the species-specific niches of birds in Alaska. In her study, she censused breeding birds on twelve 10- plots selected to represent fairly homogeneous tracts of each of the major s described for Alaska's taiga."