philosophers-from-switzerland

"It was over two centuries late, but a copy of a library book George Washington borrowed was returned yesterday to a New York library. The former president borrowed The Law of Nations by Emer de Vattel on 5 October 1789, according to the records of the New York Society Library. Staff discovered it was missing when they conducted an inventory of books in the library's 1789-1792 ledger earlier this year. Washington had never returned the book"

"Les naturels, ou indigenes, sont ceux qui sont nes dans le pays, de parens citoyens."

"I am much obliged by the kind present you have made us of your edition of Vattel. It came to us in good season, when the circumstances of a rising state make it necessary frequently to consult The Law of Nations. Accordingly, that copy which I kept, (after depositing one in our own public library here, and sending the other to the college of Massachusetts Bay, as you directed3) has been continually in the hands of the members of our congress, now sitting, who are much pleased with your notes and preface, and have entertained a high and just esteem for their author."

"car si vous y etes ne d'un etranger, ce pays sera seulement le lieu de votre naissance, sans etre votre patrie"

"Emmerich de Vattels’ 1758 Law of Nations was on George Washington’s desk on the first day of his presidency. Law of Nations was also used and quoted from extensively by the Founders and Framers of the United States Constitution, including Benjamin Franklin. Law of Nations was cited more frequently than other Treatises on International Law in early American Court Cases, and historically was the primary textbook used by American Universities on matters of Natural Law, and Natural Rights."

"Here, quoting from Vattel"

"Les citoyens sont les membres de la societe civile : lies a cette societe par certains devoirs et soumis a son autorite, ils participent avec egalite a ses avantages."

"Thus Vattel, in the preliminary chapter to his Treatise on the Law of Nations, says"

"In 1775, Benjamin Franklin acknowledged receipt of three copies of a new edition, in French, of Vattel's Law of Nations and remarked that the book"

"It may not be doubted that the very conception of a just government and its duty to the citizen includes the reciprocal obligation of the citizen to render military service in case of need, and the right to compel it. Vattel, Law of Nations, book III, cc. 1 and 2. To do more than state the proposition is absolutely unnecessary in view of the practical illustration afforded by the almost universal legislation to that effect now in force"

"Already in the verdict cited by Ginés de Sepúlveda are mentioned a lot of these criteria which the Western philosophical academy nowadays uses against the supposed “indigenous philosophies”: “culture”, “letters” (graficity), “history”, “written laws”. We are dealing with a violent and excluding act of “definition” that excludes a priori the other. When one defines “philosophy” as a product elaborated by individuals (philosophical persons) and expressed in written texts (essays, articles, books), using a binary logic and a discursive rationality, thus one excludes per definitionem all philosophical expressions that don’t have an individual author, that aren’t put down in writing, that don’t obey the logical principle of the formal non-contradiction and that apply a non-discursive rationality. Ergo: non philosophia est."

"The famous saying of Karl Marx in his 11th “Thesis on Feuerbach” that until today philosophy only had interpreted the world, but that from now on and further it would be about changing it, this adage could very well be modified in the following sense: Until now, the dominant philosophy only has been interpreted as philosophy of the dominators, but the moment is coming that the kenosis have to serve the dominated and have to change the world from below."

"The Good News (eu-angelión) ... have in reality been Bad News (dys-angelión) for many inhabitants of Abya Yala."

"Since the stories of the Hebrew Bible, that were passed on by the Greeks and the Romans and reaching the conquerors and cultural imperialists of all times, the misleading but always convincing syllogism has been the same: “We have civilization and reason; the others are totally different (totaliter aliter) from us; ergo: the others do not have culture and reason.”"

"The situation of the era of Ginés de Sepúlveda essentially hasn’t changed: the Occident – now more the North-American stream than the Spanish – remains convinced of its “cultural superiority”, convinced of the right to bring its civilizing gospel to the whole world and transmit philosophical ideas to the “barbarian” peoples for their redemption. The conditions of the process and the actual strategies of economic and cultural globalization do not favor an inclusive dialogue between the dominant Western philosophy and the Andean philosophy in which both play an equivalent role."

"If our objective is to find things in common and only that, we will fail to see the differences. The universalist claim of Western philosophy has often used the argument of commonality to enclose other philosophies in a paternalising embrace – contending that philosophy does not depend on gender, race or culture, being human at heart. As a result, its own cultural, ethnical and gender-related assumptions can barely be discerned."

"He had religion, and even devotion... he was still more a Christian than a philosopher, and... all the erroneous flights of a certain false philosophy were utterly unknown to him. He was too great a man to condescend to its acquaintance. His journal takes notice in the month of January 1755, of a composition intituled Oratio de characteribus Christian, ejusque præstantia Præ Philosopho [Prayer of Christian character, and his excellence prior to the Philosopher]. His whole life has been a commentary on this text, and an incontestible proof of it."

"Until late in life he had no access to what is called the great or fine world; but feeling in himself more real beauty and grandeur than he found in those whom he met usually in fashionable circles, he assigned a place to himself, from which it would not have been an easy matter to dislodge him. Such is the effect of the most precious of prerogatives mens conscia recti (A mind conscious of its own rectitude)."

"Lambert is dead, and ye live ignorant mortals; ye live enemies of knowledge; ye live an useless burden on the earth, born to consume its good things without the capacity to produce one."

"He was almost destitute of taste... in spite of his partiality for the muses, he was ever ready to ask as to subjects of taste, What does it prove? ...I was no stranger to his pretensions to wit ...Great men would drive their inferiors to despair if they paid no tribute to humanity."

"Frederick, let into the singularity of the man... would not deprive his Academy of a member from whom so much was to be expected. He was therefore admitted with a pension, and pronounced his inaugural oration in the month of January, 1765. Since that period, his Majesty honoured him with frequent and distinguished marks of his esteem; placed him in the financial commission of the Academy, and the architectural department, with the title of Superior Counsellor, at the same time making a considerable addition to his appointment. During these twelve years... Mr. Lambert, in his proper element, devoted his incessant labours to the improvement of science and the public good. He published some excellent performances, and furnished tracks without number, which have been inserted in the Memoires of the Academy, the Astronomical Tables of Berlin, and other collections. All his writings are highly expressive of a universal and original genius."

"Mr. Lambert was upright in every sense of the word. Rectitude of views, rectitude of intentions, rectitude of action. I will not be accused of attributing to him impeccability, more than infallibility. But... Optimism was unquestionably a proper attribute of the deceased."

"Mr. Lambert was a man with whom the eye and the ear found it extremely difficult to become familiar."

"When I turn my eyes to the place where we were accustomed to see our illustrious colleague, and where we saw him with so much pleasure, and where we used to hear him speak as if he had been inspired, I say to myself, certainly without the smallest intention to detract from the merit of any man: that place, is it filled? or, rather, shall it ever be filled again?"

"The torrent of his ideas, which flowed incessantly and rapidly from his brain, ever brought along with it useful materials for the construction of the system of the world. In these consisted his wealth; and no man could say, with more truth than himself, that all he was worth he carried about with him."

"Mean and singular in his dress, he presented himself in a very awkward manner; a stranger to the received usages of society, or careless of conforming to them, he seemed to be occupied with nothing but himself; his philosophic volubility of tongue was unceasing till be found himself alone; and, even then I have seen him, after broaching a subject with some person who was called away, go on and finish it as if he had been speaking all the while to an attentive hearer. Add to this that flashes of self-love, and expressions of the high idea he entertained of his own merit..."

"Fontenelle, as he concludes his Eloge of Ozanam, informs us, that it used to be a saying of this academician, that it is the prerogative of the mathematician to go to Paradise in a perpendicular line. This, I have no doubt, was Mr. Lambert's route upon quitting the earth; nor had he occasion for a chariot of fire to carry him to heaven, a single ray of light would afford him a vehicle."

"The pupils of Mr. Lambert were the grandsons of the Count and sons of the Podestate of Coire. It was now in instructing his charge, that Mr. Lambert found all those means of instructing himself of which he had hitherto been so much in want. Becoming more and more conscious of the strength of his natural powers, he embraced, without hesitation, physics, astronomy, mathematics, mechanics, nor did he deem himself unequal to the studies of theology, metaphisics, eloquence, and poetry. He composed verses in all the languages he understood, German, French, Latin, Italian; but he would not dare to attempt the versification of the Greeks."

"Lambert was an 18th century Alsatian scholar, who is today regarded as a physicist, geometer, statistician, astronomer and philosopher and a representative of German rationalism. ...Among the achievements of Lambert... are the discovery of ; the formulation of laws governing light absorption, and thereby the establishment of photometry; the formulation of a law of motion of comets or planets. He is among the first to appreciate the nature of the Milky Way; he established several theorems of non-Euclidean geometry, developed De Moivre's theorems on the trigonometry of complex variables and introduced the hyperbolic sine and cosine functions. He proved the irrationality of π and π2, created a general theory of errors and finally, was the first to express Newton's second law of motion in the notation of the differential calculus."

"Having one day read that Paschal invented a certain arithmetical machine, by a mere effort of his own genius, he could take no rest till he invented one of the same description. He likewise constructed with his own hand a mercurial watch or pendulum, which kept going 27 minutes, and served to ascertain precise portions of time in his physical experiments. His arithmetical scales and a machine for facilitating the art of drawing in perspective are no less worthy of our notice."

"We will found our hypothesis in the general laws of motion, whose effects are every where the same, and whose influence extends to the utmost limits of matter."

"We suppose the existence of a wise and beneficent Being who presided over the formation of the World, and who is pleased to display his infinite perfections on this illustrious theatre."

"We will next proceed by the lamp of experience, consulting with care the observations deposited in the records of astronomy."

"We would wish to discover the Plan of the Universe, and the means employed by the Eternal Architect in the execution of his magnificent design. We will first contemplate the System of which we make a part, and of which our Sun is the center. Thence we will ascend towards those Suns and those innumerable Worlds which are scattered through the immensity of space."

"This is all to which weak and limited beings can pretend, beings who occupy a point, and last but a moment in this mighty edifice built for eternity."

"The famous Lambert, another Leibnitz, because of the universality and thoroughness of his knowledge, deserves a place among those mathematicians who had preserved a knowledge and taste for geometry at a time when the wonders of analysis concerned all, and who made the most glorious applications of it."

"Mathematicians are usually regarded as clear and sober thinkers, but some of the men who have been gifted with the most marvelous power of mathematical analysis have not been free from the defects and vagaries of common mortals. Newton was extremely irritable, Laplace was inordinately vain, Monge, the inventor of descriptive geometry, was very forgetful and absent-minded. These men, however, were not fanciful dreamers, and few such are found among great mathematicians. One of these few was Johann Heinrich Lambert, the first man who endeavored to construct a system of the universe."

"His mother, in order to prevent his reading when he ought to be asleep, denied him the use of a light. Young Lambert had been at much pains in learning to write a fine hand, which was afterwards of great use to him: he wrote and drew extremely well; he made little designs or drawings, which he sold to his companions for a farthing or a halfpenny according as they contained more or fewer figures; and from this money he supplied himself with candles, which he lighted the moment all those of the family were put out."

"In the month of Sept. 1759, Mr. Lambert was at Ausburg... for the purpose of giving the last touch to his Photometry, and to have it printed under his own eye. At the same period was instituted the Electoral Academy of Sciences at ... they... expressed their desire to have him more particularly attached to them by engaging him to furnish them literary papers, and to assist them with his advice. As a remuneration of his services, he received the title of Honorary Professor, and a pension of 800 florins. ...This connection, however, was of short duration. They accused him of not having the interest of the learned academy sufficiently at heart; and he complained... that they neglected his advice, and were at no pains to reform the abuses which he pointed out to them. They withdrew his pension, and he would not condescend to take any step for its recovery. Mr. Lambert was too much occupied with the abstract principles of science to give his thoughts to things so material; and yet, he was by no means in easy circumstances. He was satisfied if the profit of his works would enable him to lead the life of a philosopher from one publication to another..."

"The works of Mr. Lambert... have been duly appreciated by competent judges, who, by bestowing on them a distinguished reputation, have unalterably fixed the high rank the author has... held in the republic of letters. In the year 1760, he collected the different pieces, still in a fugitive state, of his Novum Organum [Neues Organon]; but which was not published till the year 1764. In the year 1761, he published his Treatise on the Properties of the Orbits of Comets, printed at Ausburg."

"The reputation of his works is established, and posterity will confirm the decision of the present age."

"The history of Mr. Lambert's intellect during the space of 25 years, the progress of his genius, his rapid advancement in knowledge, and the series of his operations... he noted with equal truth and simplicity, in a sort of journal which is continued from the month of January, 1752, to the month of May, 1777. Such are those fugitive leaves more precious than the leaves of the Sybil. Never were there any which better merited to be preserved; and I request of the academy that they may be printed and annexed to my Eloge, on which they will bestow life and value."

"Giving himself no manner of uneasiness as to what others might think of him, nor caring either to please or displease, he was uniformly without disguise; and, as he shewed himself on all occasions in the same colours, he at last subdued the prejudice, and forced the admiration of others to identify itself with his own."

"We came finally to regard him... as an ingot of pure gold, whose value could not be enhanced by the fashion of the artist."

"He possessed great powers of invention... Not possessing himself, and being in no condition to obtain the instruments necessary for making observations, or a single machine for the purposes of experimental philosophy, he contrived to supply that deficiency by making them of the most common materials that fell in his way; and the dexterity he came to employ in the management of them made amends for the imperfection of their construction."

"Mr. Lambert was a stranger to the three kingdoms of nature (He was however tolerably conversant in chemistry; he made various experiments on salts... the subject of different papers... in the academy.): he had never given his attention to individuals, nor to facts in that arrangement. All his points of view centered in the starry vault, in a straight line before him, and in the chamber of his brain, where he was continually immured, even when you thought you were with him, and fixed, or at least divided his attention. No divergency in him either to the right or to the left, always in the region of abstractions, objects in the order, of what are called concretes scarcely grazed his sphere."

"If in two ellipses having a common major axis we take two such arcs that their chords are equal, and that also the sums of the radii vectores, drawn respectively from the foci to the extremities of these arcs, are equal to each other, then the sectors formed in each ellipse by the arc and the two radii vectores are to each other as the square roots of the parameters of the ellipses."

"But, are the faculties of our nature equal to this? and what are the principles which ought to guide us in these researches?"

"In order to supply the defects of experience, we will have recourse to the probable conjectures of analogy, conclusions which we will bequeath to our posterity to be ascertained by new observations, which, if we augur rightly, will serve to establish our theory and to carry it gradually nearer to absolute certainty."

"The tutor and his pupils repaired to Utretcht, and passed a year in Holland; where Mr. Lambert gave to a bookseller of his treatise on the Passage of Light. But in the over ardent pursuit of this object, he found himself in the situation of the astrologer, who fell into a well... In consequence of a habit equally whimsical and invariable in him, he never presented himself but sideways, changed his position as often as the person with him sought to place himself in front, and he retreated in proportion as the other advanced. It was in a situation of this kind, that, making some steps backwards without attending to a stair case which was directly behind him, he fell at once from top to bottom, heels over head. The fall was dreadful; he lay long in a state of absolute insensibility, nor did he return to his senses till the end of twenty-four hours, when he opened his eyes totally black with extravasated blood..."