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April 10, 2026
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"Outdoor is a major global public health issue (Cohen et al., 2017), leading to 4.14 million non-accidental premature deaths in both urban and rural areas worldwide in 2019 alone (Global Burden of Disease, 2019). In 2016, 54 % of the world's population lived in urban areas (United Nations, 2018), where ground-level (O3), particles with an aerodynamic diameter lower than 2.5 (), and (NO2) are the most harmful air pollutants for human health (Pascal et al., 2013; McDuffie et al., 2021; Anenberg et al., 2022). By 2050, 70 % of the world's population will reside urban areas (United Nations, 2018), and outdoor air pollution would lead to about 6.6 million premature deaths (Lelieveld et al., 2015). Air pollution also adversely affects biodiversity, ecosystems, and ecosystem services, such as (Agathokleous et al., 2020; Hu et al., 2022; Perring et al., 2022)."
"There are numerous ways to approach air pollution. s may think of how contaminants in the air affect living things. Within biology, the subdisciplines vary in their interests. s are often interested in how exposure to air pollutants affect biodiversity and overall ecosystem health. s are concerned about the diseases associated with various air contaminants. ... s are interested in how the exposure and effects of air pollutants differ in time and space. They may observe a and associate this with a source of air pollution. Or, they may observe a change in disease occurrence over time that tracks with changes in the type and amount of pollution released in an area."
"The global response to the has resulted in unprecedented reductions in . We find that, after accounting for meteorological variations, lockdown events have reduced the population-weighted concentration of and levels by about 60% and 31% in 34 countries, with mixed effects on . Reductions in transportation sector emissions are largely responsible for the NO2 anomalies."
") air pollution has recently been recognized as a risk factor for . ... Fine particulate matter may affect cognitive function via as a result of systemic inflammation or following lung irritation. ... It has also been proposed that the smallest particles, often coated with neurotoxic chemicals, ... can enter the brain through the or cross the . ... Unlike many other common risk factors for dementia (eg, hypertension, stroke, and ), exposures to air pollution can be modified at the population level, making it a prime target for large-scale prevention efforts."
Young though he was, his radiant energy produced such an impression of absolute reliability that Hedgewar made him the first sarkaryavah, or general secretary, of the RSS.
- Gopal Mukund Huddar
Largely because of the influence of communists in London, Huddar's conversion into an enthusiastic supporter of the fight against fascism was quick and smooth. The ease with which he crossed from one worldview to another betrays the fact that he had not properly understood the world he had grown in.
Huddar would have been 101 now had he been alive. But then centenaries are not celebrated only to register how old so and so would have been and when. They are usually celebrated to explore how much poorer our lives are without them. Maharashtrian public life is poorer without him. It is poorer for not having made the effort to recall an extraordinary life.
I regret I was not there to listen to Balaji Huddar's speech [...] No matter how many times you listen to him, his speeches are so delightful that you feel like listening to them again and again.
By the time he came out of Franco's prison, Huddar had relinquished many of his old ideas. He displayed a worldview completely different from that of the RSS, even though he continued to remain deferential to Hedgewar and maintained a personal relationship with him.