"Ten years ago, it was common (and correct) to distinguish the two main approaches to by saying that string theory ... was perturbative, and background dependent while the other approach ... was non-perturbative and background independent. In light of this, it is not surprising that most relativists were not interested in string theory. … One of the main things that has changed over the past decade is that we now know that string theory does not just involve strings. Higher (and lower) dimensional objects (called s) play an equally fundamental role. Using these branes, convincing evidence has been accumulated that all five of the perturbative string theories are just different limits of the same theory, called . (There is no agreement about what the M stands for.) There is yet another limit in which M theory reduces to eleven dimensional ."
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University of Chicago alumniPhysicists from the United StatesPrinceton University alumniMembers of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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Gary Horowitz
(born April 14, 1955) is an American theoretical physicist, known for his research on string theory and quantum gravity. He was elected in 2001 a , in 2010 a Member of the , and in 2013 a . From 2013 to 2016 he was the president of the .
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