"The distinction between "language" and "speech" rests on easily observable facts. The theoretical aspect of the issue has been raised in contemporary literature only by de Saussure, although in the terminological sense all the languages (I refer here to our cultural circle and its traditions), beginning with the distinction ... lingua and sermo in Latin, accept the difference between "language" as a system of linguistic facts and "speech" as the name of a type of action. Following de Saussure, that theoretical distinction has been adopted in all contemporary linguistics. Gardiner distinguishes between speech as an activity with clearly utilitarian ends in view, and language as a precise knowledge pertaining to communication by means of verbal signs'*. The differentiation has been adopted in the Marxist literature of the subject, linguistic, psychological, etc. In his Psychology (in Russian) S. L. Rubinshtein defines speech as language functioning in the context of individual consciousness, and compares the difference between speech and language to the difference between individual and social consciousness."
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Adam Schaff
(March 10, 1913 – Nov. 12, 2006) was a Polish Marxist philosopher, Professor at the , and director of a sociological institute in Vienna. Schaaf made notable contributions to the fields of semantics (1962), the philosophy of man (1963), language and cognition (1964), marxism and individualism (1970), history and truth (1971), alienation as a social phenomenon (1980), microelectronics and society (1982), and pragmatism (1984).
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