20th Century German Mathematicians

"For Egypt, in my opinion, the one fact of experience was sufficient that there was a right-angled triangle 4, 3, 5. Then Pythagoras took the matter geometrically in hand and proved the theorem named after him by ascending in ancient Greek manner from individual case to individual case, finally to the quite general theorem. (Cantor 1905: 70)."

"[…] should it […] boil down to the fact that individual parts of the Sulbasutras are relatively modern interpolations?"

"Therefore, we do not doubt for a moment that Pythagoras’ stay in Egypt, that the lessons he received from the priests there, were among the things that were common truth."

"So much appears certain to us, that Pythagoras could have been in Babylon."

"Some of the things, which belong particularly to the history of mathematics, we will not refrain from attributing to Pythagoras himself. Among them is the Pythagorean theorem, which we want to preserve under all circumstances. (Cantor 1880: 129)"

"Pythagoras remarked, we think, that 9+16=25. When he made this under all circumstances interesting remark, he already knew, no matter from which source, the experienced fact that a right angle is constructed by assuming the measure numbers 3, 4, 5 for the lengths of the two legs and for the distance of the end points of the same. We have pointed out that the Egyptians and the Babylonians perhaps possessed the same knowledge that the Chinese certainly had (Cantor 1880: 153)"

"Pythagoras, so we tried to prove, certainly acquired mathematical knowledge in Egypt, perhaps in the Euphrates countries. The former can be seen from the explicit traditions, as well as from the Egyptian character of some geometrical developments, the latter from the Babylonian seeming number differences of the Pythagoreans. The sum of geometrical knowledge, which was made accessible by Pythagoras and his school to the Greeks before the year 400, is not quite a minor one [...] It included the Pythagorean theorem […]. (Cantor 1880: 158)"

"It is hardly conceivable that these writers [Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, Bhaskaracharya etc.], should have been unacquainted with the Greek sources, which were available to Varahamihira [the earliest of these writers]; it is even less conceivable that they [the Indian writers], acquainted with the same, did not let themselves be influenced by them [the Greek sources]. Thus, it is again a conclusion to be assumed in advance, only waiting for a confirmation, that Greek mathematics had brought its traces into those Indian works."

"But instead of Cantor admitting the independence or at least the relative independence of the Indians, i.e. the independence of their geometry from the Greeks, he expresses himself extremely tortuous, even he did not give up his Heron hypothesis by hiding it behind the doubtful question at the end, whether there are not at the end in the Sulbasutras relatively modern insertions."

"Cantor concludes that Indian geometry and Greek geometry, especially of Heron, are related; and the only question is, Who borrowed from whom? He expresses the opinion that the Indians were, in geometry, the pupils of the Greeks."