Konrad Lorenz

"The competition between human beings destroys with cold and diabolic brutality.... Under the pressure of this competitive fury we have not only forgotten what is useful to humanity as a whole, but even that which is good and advantageous to the individual.... One asks, which is more damaging to modern humanity: the thirst for money or consuming haste... in either case, fear plays a very important role: the fear of being overtaken by one's competitors, the fear of becoming poor, the fear of making wrong decisions or the fear of not being up to snuff."

"The scientist who considers himself absolutely "objective" and believes that he can free himself from the compulsion of the "merely" subjective should try — only in imagination of course — to kill in succession a lettuce, a fly, a frog, a guineapig, a cat, a dog, and finally a chimpanzee. He will then be aware how increasingly difficult murder becomes as the victim's level of organisation rises. The degree of inhibition against killing each one of these beings is a very precise measure for the considerably different values that we cannot help attributing to lower and higher forms of life. To any man who finds it equally easy to chop up a live dog and a live lettuce I would recommend suicide at his earliest convenience!"

"We are the highest achievement reached so far by the great constructors of evolution. We are their "latest" but certainly not their last word. The scientist must not regard anything as absolute, not even the laws of pure reason. He must remain aware of the great fact, discovered by Heraclitus, that nothing whatever really remains the same even for one moment, but that everything is perpetually changing. To regard man, the most ephemeral and rapidly evolving of all species, as the final and unsurpassable achievement of creation, especially at his present-day particularly dangerous and disagreeable stage of development, is certainly the most arrogant and dangerous of all untenable doctrines. If I thought of man as the final image of God, I should not know what to think of God. But when I consider that our ancestors, at a time fairly recent in relation to the earth's history, were perfectly ordinary apes, closely related to chimpanzees, I see a glimmer of hope. It does not require very great optimism to assume that from us human beings something better and higher may evolve. Far from seeing in man the irrevocable and unsurpassable image of God, I assert – more modestly and, I believe, in greater awe of the Creation and its infinite possibilities – that the long-sought missing link between animals and the really humane being is ourselves!"

"Nobody can seriously believe that free will means that it is left entirely to the will of the individual, as to an irresponsible tyrant, to do or not do whatever he pleases. Our freest will underlies strict moral laws, and one of the reasons for our longing for freedom is to prevent our obeying other laws than these. It is significant that the anguished feeling of not being free is never evoked by the realisation that our behaviour is just as firmly bound to moral laws as physiological processes are to physical ones. We are all agreed that the greatest and most precious freedom of man is identical with the moral laws within him. Increasing knowledge of the natural causes of his own behaviour can certainly increase a man's faculties and enable him to put his free will into action, but it can never diminish his will. If, in the impossible case of an utopian complete and ultimate success of causal analysis, man should ever achieve complete insight into the causality of earthly phenomena, including the workings of his own organism, he would not cease to have a will but it would be in perfect harmony with the incontrovertible lawfulness of the universe, the Weltvernunft of the Logos. This idea is foreign only to our present-day western thought; it was quite familiar to ancient Indian philosophy and to the mystics of the middle ages."

"I now come to the third great obstacle to human self-knowledge, to the belief — deeply rooted in our western culture — that what can be explained in terms of natural science has no values. This belief springs from an exaggeration of Kant's values-philosophy, the consequence of the idealistic dichotomy of the world into the external world of things and the internal laws of human reason."

"The attitude of the true scientist towards the real limits of human understanding was unforgettably impressed on me in early youth by the obviously unpremeditated words of a great biologist; Alfred Kuhn finished a lecture to the Austrian Academy of Science with Goethe's words, "It is the greatest joy of the man of thought to have explored the explorable and then calmly to revere the inexplorable." After the last word he hesitated, raised his hand in repudiation and cried, above the applause, "No, not calmly, gentlemen; not calmly!""

"Nothing can better express the feelings of the scientist towards the great unity of the laws of nature than in Immanuel Kant's words: "Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing awe: the stars above me and the moral law within me."… Would he, who did not yet know of the evolution of the world of organisms, be shocked that we consider the moral law within us not as something given, a priori, but as something which has arisen by natural evolution, just like the laws of the heavens?"

"Let us imagine that an absolutely unbiased investigator on another planet, perhaps on Mars, is examining human behavior on earth, with the aid of a telescope whose magnification is too small to enable him to discern individuals and follow their separate behavior, but large enough for him to observe occurrences such as migrations of peoples, wars, and similar great historical events. He would never gain the impression that human behavior was dictated by intelligence, still less by responsible morality."

"All the advantages that man has gained from his ever-deepening understanding of the natural world that surrounds him, his technological, chemical and medical progress, all of which should seem to alleviate human suffering... tends instead to favor humanity's destruction."

"The same individual geese on which we conducted these experiments, first aroused my interest in the process of domestication. They were F1 hybrids of wild Greylags and domestic geese and they showed surprising deviations from the normal social and sexual behaviour of the wild birds. I realised that an overpowering increase in the drives of feeding as well as of copulation and a waning of more differentiated social instincts is characteristic of very many domestic animals. I was frightened – as I still am – by the thought that analogous genetical processes of deterioration may be at work with civilized humanity. Moved by this fear, I did a very ill-advised thing soon after the Germans had invaded Austria: I wrote about the dangers of domestication and, in order to be understood, I couched my writing in the worst of nazi-terminology. I do not want to extenuate this action. I did, indeed, believe that some good might come of the new rulers. The precedent narrow-minded catholic regime in Austria induced better and more intelligent men than I was to cherish this naive hope. Practically all my friends and teachers did so, including my own father who certainly was a kindly and humane man. None of us as much as suspected that the word "selection", when used by these rulers, meant murder. I regret those writings not so much for the undeniable discredit they reflect on my person as for their effect of hampering the future recognition of the dangers of domestication."

"It is a good morning exercise for a research scientist to discard a pet hypothesis every day before breakfast. It keeps him young."

"All too willingly man sees himself as the centre of the universe, as something not belonging to the rest of nature but standing apart as a different and higher being. Many people cling to this error and remain deaf to the wisest command ever given by a sage, the famous "Know thyself" inscribed in the temple of Delphi."

"Es zeigt sich, dass die ethischen Menschen nicht so viele Kinder haben und die Gangster sich unbegrenzt und sorglos weiter reproduzieren. […] gegen Überbevölkerung hat die Menschheit nichts Vernünftiges unternommen. Man könnte daher eine gewisse Sympathie für AIDS bekommen."

"Die Naturwissenschaft kann nicht nur, sondern muß schlechterdings alles, was es in der Welt gibt, zum Gegenstand ihrer Forschung machen."

"Wenn ich den Menschen für das endgültige Ebenbild Gottes halten müßte, würde ich an Gott irrewerden. Wenn ich mir aber vor Augen halte, daß unsere Ahnen in einer erdgeschichtlich betrachtet erst jüngstvergangenen Zeit ganz ordinäre Affen aus nächster Verwandtschaft des Schimpansen waren, vermag ich einen Hoffnungsschimmer zu sehen. Es ist kein allzu großer Optimismus nötig, um anzunehmen, daß aus uns Menschen noch etwas Besseres und Höheres entstehen kann. Weit davon entfernt, im Menschen das unwiderruflich unübertreffliche Ebenbild Gottes zu sehen, behaupte ich bescheidener und, wie ich glaube, in größerer Ehrfurcht vor der Schöpfung und ihren unerschöpflichen Möglichkeiten: Das langgesuchte Zwischenglied zwischen dem Tiere und dem wahrhaft humanen Menschen – sind wir!"

"Die modische Neigung, die Forschung auf niedrigeren Integrationsebenen für die »wissenschaftlichere« zu halten, führt dann allzuleicht zum Atomismus, d. h. zu Teiluntersuchungen untergeordneter Systeme ohne die obligate Berücksichtigung der Art und Weise, in der diese dem Aufbau der Ganzheit eingefügt sind."

"In dem Maße, in dem das Handwerk durch die Konkurrenz der Industrie ausgerottet wird und in dem der kleinere Unternehmer, einschließlich des Bauern, existenzunfähig wird, sind wir alle ganz einfach gezwungen, uns in unserer Lebensführung den Wünschen der Großproduzenten zu fügen, die Nahrungsmittel zu fressen und die Kleidungsstücke anzuziehen, die sie für uns für gut befinden, und was das Allerschlimmste ist, wir merken kraft der uns zuteil gewordenen Konditionierung gar nicht, daß sie dies tun."

"Die meisten von uns – dessen müssen wir uns bewußt sein – lieben ihre Hypothesen, und es ist, wie ich einmal sagte, eine zwar schmerzhafte, aber jung und gesund erhaltende Turnübung, täglich, gewissermaßen als Frühsport, seine Lieblingshypothese über Bord zu werfen."

"Der Irrglaube, daß nur das rational Erfaßbare oder gar nur das wissenschaftlich Nachweisbare zum festen Wissensbesitz der Menschheit gehöre, wirkt sich verderblich aus. Er führt die »wissenschaftich aufgeklärte« Jugend dazu, den ungeheuren Schatz von Wissen und Weisheit über Bord zu werfen, der in den Traditionen jeder alten Kultur wie in den Lehren der großen Weltreligionen enthalten ist."

"Wenn die fortschreitende Infantilisierung und wachsende Jugend-Kriminalität des Zivilisationsmenschen tatsächlich, wie ich befürchte, auf genetischen Verfallserscheinungen beruht, so sind wir in schwerster Gefahr."